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O - Po 'f 73 

SPOKEN SYRIAN 


- ARABIC LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT - 























































- 1 - 

INTRODUCTION 


73 




4 

lo This course is designed as a general introduction to Spoken Eastern 
Arabic 0 It contains all the essential grammatical materials for learning 
to speak everyday Arabic, and its vocabulary, though small, is built around 
a number of the most useful common situations and current topics. It is 
based on the principle that IF YOU WANT TO LEARN TO UNDERSTAND A LANGUAGE, 
YOU MUST HEAR IT SPOKEN, AND IF YOU WANT TO LEARN TO USE IT YOURSELF, YOU 
MUST PRACTICE SPEAKING IT. 

The students for whom this book is written will often have no teacher 
available. Accordingly, the course has been made as nearly self-teaching 
as possible. This Manual covers the course completely^ you will need no 
other reference material. 


2. The Arabic language in its various dialects is spoken by about 40 
million people in the world from North Africa to India. It is the principal 
language in Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, Libya, Egypt, Palestine, Transjordan, 
Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, the Yemen, and the remainder of the 
Arabian peninsula. It is also employed as a commercial or religious language 
in the Sudan and other parts of Africa, in parts of Iran, Afghanistan, and 
India, and by thousands of immigrants from the Near East to other parts of 
the world, notably North and South America. 

Variations in language are perfectly natural and are found in every 
language in the world. As you know, English is not the same throughout the 
English speaking world. A Scotsman speaks differently from a Midwestern 
American, a Cockney differently from a Bostonian, and so on, although all 
are native speakers of English. So do not be surprised if no two Arabic 
speakers you meet seem to talk exactly the same way. The Arabic of this 
manual is based on the speech of the people of the cities of Syria, Lebanon, 
and Palestine. The Arabic spoken in North Africa exclusive of Egypt is pre¬ 
sented in the Manual Spoken Western Arabic . The Supplement in this Manual 
gives information about the Arabic spoken elsewhere. 


3. A native speaker and this Manual are used in this course to help you in 
learning to speak Arabic. The two must be used together. Neither is of any 
value without the other. 

This Manual has been so organized that it can be used to study by yourself 
or in a group. If you work in a group, and have no regular teacher, choose one 
of the group to act as IEADER. 

4. A native speaker is the only good source of first-hand knowledge of any 
language. Only a native speaker can tell you whether your pronunciation sounds 
normal, and whether the sentences you use in your Arabic conversations are 
actually Arabic. 

The method used in this Manual requires the presence of a native speaker 
of Eastern Arabic at every session of the group. If no native speaker is avail¬ 
able, you can use instead the phonograph records that are supplied with the 
Manual. Even if you have a native speaker at hand, you can still make good 
use of the phonograph records for extra drill and review. The records can’t 
answer questions, but they can give you the same word or sentence over and over 
again in exactly the same way. 











- 2 - 


The native speaker is referred to in this Manual as the Guide. The Guide's 
job is to act as a model for you to imitate, and to check your pronunciation 
and usage. He is not responsible for selecting and arranging material to be 
learned, and he should never try to explain Arabic grammar to you. This is done 
by the Manuals no other teacher is necessary. 

If possible your Guide should speak the kind of Arabic shown in this Manual 
but if he speaks a somewhat different variety, don't worry about it. So long 
as he comes from a city or village in Syria, Lebanon, or Palestine, it will pro¬ 
bably be just as useful for you to learn his kind of Arabic as that given in this 
book, and you will be able to use the Manual directly. When the Guide and the 
Manual differ, follow the Guide. Only by direct imitation will you learn to 
speak with fluency. 

THE GUIDE IS AIWAYS RIGHT. Since there is no standard spoken Arabic and 
your Guide is a native speaker of Arabic, whatever he says in his own language 
is correct. If there is a difference between the Guide and the Manual on a 
point of usage, the reason is not that one or the other must be wrong, but that 
not all speakers of Eastern Arabic talk in exactly the same way. 

This does not mean, however, that the Guide is equipped to explain his 
language to you or to tell you anything useful about its grammar. No person, 
regardless of his native language, can analyze and explain the facts of lan¬ 
guage unless he has made a special study of the subject. For all grammatical 
explanations you should rely exclusively on this Manual. 

In working with a Guide always bear in mind that what he should give you 
is not remarks ABOUT the language but the LANGUAGE ITSELF. 

If your Guide is a Beduin or comes from some other part of the Arabic 
speaking world so that his Arabic is considerably different from the Arabic of 
the Manual, you will find it necessary to work from the Supplement. 

5. The Manual is divided into five major parts, each containing six Units. 

The last Unit in each part is a Review. Except for these Reviews, each Unit 
ctnsists of the following Sections* 

A. Basio Sentences 

B. Pronunciation 

C. Analysis 

D. Exercises 

E. Listening In 

F. Free Conversation 

G. Vocabulary (containing all the new words of the particular Unit). 

Each Review unit consists of at least three Sections* 

A. Analysis Summary 

B. Exercises 

C. Free Conversation 

In addition. Units 6 and 12 have a Pronunciation Summary, Unit 12 has a 
Cumulative Vocabulary containing all the words of Units 1 through 12, and Unit 
30 has two complete Vocabularies, Arabic-English and English-Arabic, containing 
all the words of the Manual. 

There is also a short grammatical summary at the end of the Manual as 
veil as the Supplement designed to aid in the study of other dialects of Arabic. 



-3= 


6. The Basic Sentences in each Unit are arranged so as to give you a number 
of new words and a number of new ways of saying things„ Normally the new ex¬ 
pressions in each sentence are presented separately in a ®build~up s before the 
sentence itselfo 

On the printed page the Basic Sentences are arranged in two columns - the 
Arabic on the right and the English on the left. In translating the separate 
words and phrases in the build-up before a sentence, the English equivalents 
follow the Arabic as closely as possibles in translating a complete sentence, 
the English equivalent often renders the meaning rather freely instead of copy¬ 
ing the Arabic word for word® 

YOUR FIRST JOB IS TO MEMORIZE THE BASIC SENTENCES, Practice them until 
you know them cold. Until you can rattle them off without hesitation, until 
you can understand them instantly and completely when you hear them, you haven’t 
learned them. Without this first step, none of the rest of the work in a Unit 
will be of any use to you. Above all, never study the Analysis or try to do 
the Exercises until after you have learned the Basic sentences. 

Why memorize the Basic Sentences? — Because this is the quickest way to 
build up in your mind a stock of sentence patterns for actual use. Without such 
a stock you will never get beyond the stage of putting one word painfully after 
anotheri with it you can think in whole phrases and sentences the way a native 
speaker does. Some of the Basic Sentences will come in handy just as they 
standi others will probably never turn up in actual conversations. But all of 
them are useful as examples of common constructions, and all of them contain 
useful words. 

7. The Pronunciation Practices in Units 1 through 11 are intended to help you 
improve your ability to imitate the Guide. No language has sounds exactly like 
those of any other. In Arabic you will find some sounds completely different 
from anything we have in English! and even the sounds that seem familiar to you 
are just different enough to require practice. 

A good pronunciation is important for a number of reasons. If you expect 
to be understood when you speak a foreign language, you will have to pronounce 
it more or less the way people are used to hearing it. You may get by with a 
less-than-perfect accents but if you vary too far from the native speakers’ way 
of talking, people may not be able to understand you at all. Moreover, the 
oloser your own pronunciation comes to that of the native speakers around you, 
the more easily you will be able to catoh what they are saying, and the more 
quickly you will be able to pick up new words and phrases when you hear them. 

8. The Analysis of each Unit summarizes for you in a series of Notes the 
facts that you have learned in the Basic Sentences. Most of the Notes contain 
nothing that you could not figure out for yourself on the basis of what you 
have leamedj but they are useful in saving you time and energy. Careful study 
of the Notes will show you how to use the expressions you have learned in new 
sentences of your own. 

9. The Exercises in each Unit give you a chance to test yourself on the 
material you have learned. You should work through these Exercises carefully, 
without looking back at the Basic Sentences or Noteso If you find that you can 
do them easily and without mistakes, it means that you are ready to go on to 
the next Section. If the Exercises seem difficult or if you make a good many 
mistakes, you need more time on that Section before continuing. 






-4- 


10o The Listening In gives you & number of conversations using the vocabulary 
and the constructions that you have learned up to that point. By listening to 
these conversations as they are read aloud by the Guide or by the voice on the 
phonograph records, you will get practice in hearing and understanding Arabic. 

You may also get ideas from these model conversations for further conversations 
of your own. 

11. The Free Conversation at the end of the Unit represents the central aim 
of the courseo ~ To converse easily in Arabic you must know thoroughly every¬ 
thing that has been introduced in the Unit you are working on. It is not 
enough to understand the new constructions! you must be able to say the Arabic 
without hesitating and without having to translate in your mind from English 

to Arabico Only constant drilling on a number of memorized sentences will give 
you the fluency that you need for ordinary everyday conversation. 

When you take part in a conversation with the Guide or with other members 
of your group, try to speak easily and naturally. Don’t try to bring in new 
expressions that have not appeared yet in the Units. Stick to what you have 
studied and practice it thoroughly. If your conversations during the first few 
weeks seem pretty simple, remember that you cannot talk about more interesting 
topics until you have mastered the fundamentals. 

12. When you have finished this course „ you will have a valuable tools the 
ability to talk with people who know Arabic but not English. You must not 
think, however, that the thirty Units of this Manual have taught you everything 
there is to know about speaking Arabic. You have been given a good start, and 
a solid foundation to build ons you should go on from there and learn by ob¬ 
serving the usage of native speakers with whom you come in contact. 

Whenever you have a chance to speak Arabic be on the look-out for new 
words. If you hear a word that you don’t understand, ask for the meaning in 
Arabic. Keep adding to your vocabulary! keep polishing your pronunciation; 
keep practicing constantly. 





PART ONE 


UNIT 1 


- 5 - 

DO YOU SPEAK ARABIC 


Don’t start with this until everyone has read the introduction and 
you are sure you are starting right. 



To the Leader? Read the following to the group before starting in with 
the Guide or records on the Basic Sentences. Be sure everyone under¬ 
stands what is going to be done. 


Section A. Basic Sentences 


In the list of Basic Sentences, the Arabic material appears in the right- 
hand column, written in a simplified spelling that will help you to follow 
the sounds as you hear them spoken and to recall them later on. The English 
equivalents of the Arabic words and phrases are given in the left-hand 
column. 

If you have a Guide, here is what you should do in studying the Basic 
Sentences? 

t 

1. The Leader reads the English word or phrase. 

2. The Guide speaks the Arabic. 

3. The whole group repeats what the Guide has said. 

4. The Guide speaks the Arabic again. 

5. The whole group repeats it again. 

Proceed in this way through the whole list of Basic Sentences, with the 
Leader giving the English equivalent first, the Guide speaking the Arabic 
twice, and the group as a whole repeating it after him each time. 

If you are using the phonograph records, they will give you steps 1, 2, 
and 4. There is a pause in the record after each Arabic word or sentence, 
so that the group can repeat it. 

Listen carefully to what the Guide says, and while you listen, try to 
keep in mind the meaning of what he says. When you repeat a word or a 
sentence after him, imitate him as accurately as you can. Copy the sounds 
he makes, the ups and downs of his voice, and the pauses he puts into a 
sentence. Try to make your own voice sound as nearly as you can like an 
echo of the Guide’s. Don’t hold back because you are afraid of making 
mistakes . Everybody makes mistakes at first, and the only way to correct 
them is to keep on trying. Speak up loud and clear,, and always keep the 
session as lively as possible. 

As you listen to the Guide and as you imitate him, keep your eyes on the 
Arabic spelling in the right-hand column. If you do this, you will soon 
learn what the letters stand for, and will be able to use the printed 
material in this book for individual study. However, you must always remember 
that the spelling is not the language? your job in this course is not to 
master the spelling, but to learn to recognize and produce the sounds. The 
best way to learn a language is through the ear, not through the eye. 

Whenever the spoken sounds that you hear from the Guide seem to disagree 
with the spelling in this book , follow the sounds and skip the spelling . 

As long as you have a Guide or phonograph record for this course do not 
try to read ahead from the Arabic spelling. It is much better at least in 
the first twelve Units, to say nothing in Arabic that you have not first 
heard from a native speaker. Practice the Basic sentences whenever you can 
with your Guide as a model? hear before you speak? and imitate before you 
strike out on you own. 





















-6- 


1.2 


NOTE: In the English equivalents in the left-hand column you will 
sometimes find words enclosed in parentheses (). Suoh words are 
explanatory or represent something in the Arabic that needn't be expressed 


in the English equivalent. 


English equivalents 

Arabic 

your day 

nh^ajak 

fortunate 

sa9iid 

1. Good day. 

nh^aijak sa9iid . 

blessed 

mb^aijak 

2 0 Good day (in reply). 

nhaa^ak sa9iid w^mb/a^ak 

8« Hello. 

m^rHaba , 

4 , Hello (in reply). 

marHabtayn • 

how 

kiif 

your state 

H^alak 

6« How are you? 

kiif Haalak ? 

glad 

ma^uu^ 

praise to God 

lHamd/lla 

6« Fine, thank you. 

ma£|uu^, lHamdilla . 

you 

?inti 

7« How are you? 

kiifak ?jfnti ? 

we thank 

nu^ku^ 

God 

»A\a 

good 

mniiH 

8, Well, thank you. 

nusku^ ?a\^a mniiH • 

you speak 

bt^Hki 

Arabic 

9a^abi 

9. Do you speak Arabic? 

btiHki 9a^abi ? 

10. A little. 

< / 

swayyi. 

11. Do you understand ('did you under¬ 

stand') ? 

12, Yes, I understand ('understood') 

fhimt ? or fh/mit ? 

na9am, fh/mt • 





-7- 

13, No, I don't understand ('didn't 
understand')o 

do 

favor 

speak 

slowly 

14o Please speak s lowly o 
repeat 
which 

you said it 

15o Please repeat what you saido 
you say 

16o How do you say in Arabic 
direct me 
to the hotel 

17e Direct me to the hotelo 
I want ('my wish') 

(I'll) go 

18o I want to go to the hotelo 
how much 

you want (' your wi sh') 

19o How much do you want? 
three 
pounds 

20o Three pounds 

some, somewhat 
much, a lot 


/ 

la?, ma*>fhimit 

9maal 

ma9ijuuf 

/ 

Hki 

9a*Whlak 

9m^al ma9£\fuf Hki' 9a*mahlako 
9iid 

inf 

?\altu 

9maal ma9ruuf 9&d Hi ?ultu 
bit?uul 

k^if bit?uul bi 19^abi ? 
dillni 
9aJL?utaal 
dillni 9aa?utaal o 
b/ddi 
^uH 

baddi^ijuuH 9awi?ut/al 0 
?idd^ys baddak ? 
b^ddak 

?idd^ys baddak ? 
tl^ati 
lii^fat 
tlat liijjaat 
sii 
kt/ir 


this, that 


h^ada 


21o 

-3- 

That* s a loti 

s^i ktiir, h^ada 


1*11 give you 

bi91jiik 


two pounds 

liirtayn 

22 0 

1*11 give you two pounds 0 

bi91ji'ik liirt&yn 

23 c 

All right. 

tjayyib . 


what 

luu 


this 

h/ada 

24 c 

■What* s this? 

b'uu haada ? 


this (feminine) 

haydi 


cigarette 

siik^a^a 

25, 

This is a cigarette. 

haydi siik/a^-a 


the se 

hawdi 

26. 

What are these? 

suu hawdi ? 


cigarettes 

/ 

swaakiir 

27, 

These are cigarettes. 

/ / 
hawdi swaakiir , 

28. 

Do you want a cigarette? 

b/ddak siikaaj^a ? 

29, 

Thank you (*obliged*). 

/ 

mamnuun 0 


give ST53 

9^/ini 


a light ( - match, cigarette 
lighter, etc.) 

w/l9a 

30. 

Give m a light. 

9-tjiini wal9a 


where 

wayn 


there is, there are 

fii 


a restaurant 

mai|9am 

31. 

Where’s a restaurant? 

/ / / 

wayn fii ma^9am ? 


a movie ( - movie theater) 

siinama 

32. 

Where’s a movie ? 

vrlyn fii s/inama 


the station 


33o Where’s the station? 

-9- 

wayn lim^at^a ? 

the toilet 


b^yt lyayy 

34 0 Where’s the toilet? 


w^yn b^yt li£^yy ? 

35o Here 0 


hawn . 

36. Thermo 


hawn/ik . 

37. On your right. 


9a^yamiinak . 

38. On your left. 


9a^smaalak . 

39. In front of you. 


?iddri(amak . 

40. Straight ahead. 


dugri . 

41. Go straight ahead. 


jiiuH diferi . 

42. What do you want? 


Stliu b/ddak ? 

(I'll) eat 


?aakul 

43. I want to eat. 


baddi ?aakul . 

with you, at your place 


9indak 

fish 


s/mak 

44. Do you have fish? 


fii 9^ndak samak ' 

bring me 


Sibli 

rice 


/ 

ruzz 

45. Bring me rice. 


zibli ruzz o 

meat 


l^Hmi 

bread 


xubz 

fruit 


fw/aki 

coffee 


?ahwi 

water 


/ 

?ayy 

potatoes 


ba^aa^a 

46. I don’t want potatoes. 


msnjDa^di ba^aa^a , 

beer 


b/i^a 

47. Give me beer. 


9^iini bii^a » 


- 10 - 


48. Goodbye. 

bxaa^rak. 

49. Goodbye (in reply) 

ma9 w ssal&ami. 

two 

tnayn 

50. How much are two and two? 

V* 

fiddays tnayn w„>tnayn ? 

four 

?a£b9a 

51. Two and two are four. 

tnayn w^tnayn ?afb9a. 

three 

tlaati 

five 

aainal 

eight 

tmaanyi 

52. Three and five are eight 0 

tlaati u^xamsi tmaanyi. 

one 

waaHid 

six 

sitti 

seven 

#ab9a 

53. One and six are seven¬ 

waaHid u^aitti sab9a. 

ths hour 

saaaSa 

54. What time is it? 

tiddayl ssaa9a? 

one (feminine, used in telling time) 

wiHdi 

55. It's one o’clock. 

ssaa9a wiHdi. 

nine 

tis9a 

ten 

9a^ja 

56. It’s ten after nine. 

s f 

ssaa9a tis9a u^9as£a. 

2. Practice on the 

Basic Sentences 


Tfllhen you are sure that you understand the comments on the Arabic spelling, 
go through the Basic Sentences of Section A two or three more times, first in* 
unison, then taking turns around the group with the repetitions* While the 
Guide and the other members of the group are speaking, listen carefully? and 
as you listen„ keep thinking of the sound and the meaning of the Arabic ex¬ 
pressions. DURING THIS PRACTICE DO NOT SAY ANY ARABIC WORK OR PHRASE UNLESS 
YOU HAVE JUST HEARD IT FROM THE GUIDE OR ON THE RECORDS* 


-11- 


1*7 


3. Review of the Basic Sentences* Covering the English 

Turn back to the Basic Sentences and cover the English column. Read 
the Arabic to yourself, saying the sounds out loud and recalling what they 
were like in the Guide's pronunciation. See how quickly you can call to 
mind the meaning of each Arabic expression. If any word or phrase gives you 
trouble, put a check mark beside it and go on to the end of the list before 
uncovering the English column to find out what the meanings are. Try the 
difficult ones again before you look at the English. When you have checked 
the English equivalent once, go through the list again, but this time skip 
around so as to come to the Arabic expressions in a different order. Try to 
reach the point of recognizing the meaning of every Arabic expression 
instantly. 


Section B. Pronunciation lo8 

lo The Arabic spelling in this booko 

When Arabs write they do not use Spoken Arabic but quite a different 
form of Arabic* called Literary Arabic 0 This is written in a special alpha¬ 
bet usually referred to as the Arabic alphabet. Sometimes — very rarely — 
Arabs do write down their everyday Spoken Arabic* for example in certain 
humorous magazines or in collections of popular songs. This is also customa¬ 
rily written in the Arabic alphabet. For this reason* and because you may 
want to study Literary Arabic when you finish the course* the Arabic alpha¬ 
bet is explained in Part 5 of the Manual, But* since the purpose of this 
course is to teach you to SPEAK AND UNDERSTAND Arabic* not to read and write 
it, the Arabic alphabet is not used throughout the Manual, Instead* the 
Arabic words and sentences are written down in the ordinary letters of our 
own alphabet plus a few additional characters used to represent sounds un¬ 
familiar to English speakers. 

It is important for you to bear in mind that this spelling is only an 
AID TO LISTENING, It will help you to follow the Arabic expressions as you 
hear them spoken, and to recall afterwards what they sounded likes but it 
cannot take the place of the actual sounds. The real content of this course 
— the part that you should concentrate on above everything else — is the 
spoken Arabic that you hear from your Guide or on the phonograph records. 
Whenever you hear something from your Guide that seems different from what 
you find written in this book, follow your ear* not your eye. 

The Arabic spelling in this book may seem queer to you at firsts but you 
will quickly get used to it* and in a few days you will have no trouble in 
using it to follow the spoken sounds. Most of the letters are used with 
values similar to the ones they have in English spelling. The exceptions to 
this rule will be explained as you go along* and you will have a chance to 
practice the pronunciation of all the sounds in the language* with your Guide 
as a model. Until the value of a particular letter has been made clear to 
you, don't be disturbed if it seems to be used in a peculiar ways simply 
disregard anything in the spelling that bothers you* and concentrate on the 
sounds. 


2. Arabic accent. 

In Arabic as in English some syllables are pronounced more loudly* with 
greater stress* than others. Such syllables are called stressed syllables 
and are indicated by a ^ over the vowel of the stressed syllable, for 
example "forget”* "lively", nhaa^ak* 9^abi. Actually the position of stress 
is almost automatic in Arabic and you soon will be used to putting it in the 
right places after Unit 6 it. will be marked only when it is not in its 
regular, automatic place. 


-13- 


1.9 


3. Arabic Vowels 

In English there are many vowels (think of the different vowels in pat, 
pet, pit, pot, put, putt, beat, boat, boot, etc.), but in Arabic there are 
only three basic vowels. These are written in'our spelling a, i and u. For 
examples baddak ’you want®, fhimit ’you understood®, rubz ’bread®. They 
are sometimes held longer, and in such cases are called LONG VOWELS and are 
written double aa , ii , uu . For examples haada ’this®, kiif ’how’, ruuH ’go®. 

The pronunciation of these vowels varies considerably however. For 
example, the aa in tle(ati or saa9a sounds about like the "a" in the English 
word "care” wHTle the aa in lii^efat, mbaa^ak, bxM.-tjijak sounds more like the 
"a" in ^father". The sound of an Arabic vowel depends a great deal on the 
kind of consonants around it, and in the Pronunciation Sections of the coming 
Units this variation will be further explained. Meanwhile if you listen 
carefully and imitate the pronunciation you hear, you will gradually get 
more used to this variation until it seems perfectly natural to you. 


PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE 1 


a like "e" in "pet" 

baddak 

’you want® 


s^mak 

’fish’ 

i like "i" in "pit" 

?inti 

fhfrnt 

s^tti 

’you’ 


’you understood’ 
’six’ 

u like "u" in "put" 

/ 

’bread’ 


dij|fri 

ruzz 

pronunciation PRACTICE 2 

’straight’ 

’rice’ 

aa like "a" in "care" 

tlAti 

tmaanyi 

’three’ 


’eight’ 

ii like "i" in "machine" 

sas/id 

’fortunate’ 


ktiir 

’much* 

uu like "u" in "flu" 

i&x 

’what’ 


£UUH 

’go’ 


4. Arabic Consonants 


In Arabic there are very many consonant sounds. Some are very similar 
to English sounds, but a few of them are quite different from any English 
sounds and require a great deal of practice. All the consonants will be 
discussed in detail several at a time in the Pronunciation Sections of 
future Units. For the time being here is a check list of the letters used 
to represent the consonants of Arabic in our spelling. 

The following are fairly similar to English soundsg 


-14- 


1.10 


Arabic letter Nearest English sound Example 


b 

"b" 

in 

"bit” 

blddak “you want® 

d 

"d" 

in 

"dip" 

d^ffri “straight® 

f 

tt 

in 

"fit" 

fWaki “fruit® 

g 

"g" 

in 

"get" 

♦glmruk “customs® 

h 

"h" 

in 

"hit" 

haada “this® 

k 

"k M 

in 

"kit" 

ky.f “how® 

1 

tt^*t 

in 

"lip" 

liira “pound® 

m 

"m" 

in 

"met" 

mamnuun “ob1i go d“ 

n 

"n w 

in 

"net" 

nhaar “day® 

s 

" S " 

in 

"sip" 

sitti ®six® 

t 

"t" 

in 

"tip" 

tnayn “two® 

w 

V 

in 

"wit" 

wayxy “where® 

y 

"y M 

in 

"yet” 

yamiinak “your right 

z 

"a" 

in 

"zip" 

nfzz “rice® 


"sh" in "ship’* , suu 8 what 0 

z "s" in ''pleasure" zibli "bring me 8 


The following sounds are not very similar to English speech=sounds® al= 
though you have probably at one time or another uttered every one of them® and 
you will soon learn to use them as speech=sounds 0 

r trilled ~ like the sound children use to imitate airplanes 
? like the little catch before each vowel in "uh=oM" 

H like the sound of panting (this H must not be confused with hj 

for Arabs they are as different as "p" and"b" are to us 0 ) 

9_ a kind of growling sound 
x a sound like clearing the throat 

£ a sound like gargling 

All these will be explained thoroughly in coming Units 0 

You may have noticed that there are also consonant letters with hooks 
under bhem 0 In Arabic consonants often come in pairs* one ‘'light 1 * and one 
"heavy"o The heavy consonants are shown in our spelling by a hook under the 
^letter® and light consonants are shown by ordinary* unhooked letters» The 

heavy (hooked letter) sounds are lower in pitch than the corresponding light 

sounds and usually have a characteristic 'hollow® sound made by raising the 
the back of the tongue 0 They are described more fully in Unit 2o The follow¬ 
ing are the most common heavy consonants* <|® $® |® | c 

Finally® notice that double consonant;. are really double® that is® are 
held longer than single consonants 0 For t ample® the double tt in sitti is 
pronounced like the English double ®t® in ^it-tight" not like the single °t® 
in (spelled double) "sitting"., 


Words in the Practices marked with an asterisk (*) have not been presented 
in the Basic Sentences for you to Xearn« In such cases practice the pronun<= 
ciation® but don't worry about remembering the meaning until the word appears 
in the Basic Sentences as an item to be memori z ed 0 








1.11 


- 15 - 

Section C„ Analysis 


1.1 In this unit you hav^e learned a numbpr of "formulas'^ used in Arabic, 
for examples nhaa^ajc sa9ii<l, nhaa^ak sa9iid w^mb^arak, kiif Haalak, 
nusku^ ?a\^a, THamdilla, bx^a^rak, ma9*>ssal^ami. Similarly we have formulas 
in English used as greetings and polite expressions such ass ’‘how do you do”, 
“you’re welcome", etc* which don’t have much meaning but are used more or less 
automatically in certain situations.. Such formulas are very common in Arabic, 
more common than they are in English, and it is important for you to learn 
them, For example, in English we have only a few formulas of gratitudes "thank 
you", "thank you very much", "thanks pal", "that’s very good of you", etc. 

The use of these depends more on the social relationship of the speaker and 
hearer than on the nature of the action for which gratitude is being expressed. 
In Arabic on the other hand there are many formulas of this kind — one used 
when the action has been performed by the hand, one if the action consists of 
offering part of one’s possession, and so on. 

Also, there is very often a regular, stereotyped formula of response to 
a given formula. Fpr example, when one says nhaa^sh: sa9iid the answer is almost 
always nhaajak sa9iid mbaa^ak or sometin*s just mbaa^ak. f Or, when one says 
m/rHaba the other usually either says m^rHaba or marHabtayn. Or, maS^ssaleami 
is the almost inevitable response to bxaa^rak. 

New formulas will appear in every unit? learn them, learn when to use 
them, and use them whenever you get a chance. 


1.2 Study the following sentences with their English equivalents? 


suu luLada ? 

/ f 

hawdi swaakiir . 

/ / 

kiif Haalak ? 
sii kti4r, haada . 
wayn limHa^a ? 
tnayn w^fcnayn ?a^b9a . 


What _is_ this? 

These are cigarettes. 

How your state? 

That _is a little too much. 
Where ^s the station? 

2+ 2 &■ 4 


In Arabic there usually is no equivalent for English "am", "is", "are". 
If you want to say This is good", or "The station is in front of you", you 
simply say "This — good" or "The station °° in front of you"? 

haada mniiH . This is good. 


limHa^a ?iddaamak 


The station is in front of you. 


1.3 Study carefully these words together with their English equivalents? 


lol2 


-16- 


nhpaarak 

your day 

/ 

Haalak 

your state 

kiifak 

how are you 

bad dak 

your wish 

/ 

vamiinak 

your right 

smaalak 

your left 

9indak 

with you g at your place 

?iddaamak 

in front of you 

bi9^i4k 

I"11 give you 

baddi 

my wish 

d/llni 

direct me 


1 - 

9^iini 

give me 


You can see from these words that ° ak or «k at the end of a word often 
means ’your 9 or 'you® and that - or -nl at the end of a word often means 
’my 9 or ’me 9 * Kere are five more sentences showing these endings on other 
wordss 

I want to go to my lefto 
I/'/hat's this in front of me? 

I don’t have any potatoes,. 

There are my cigarette So 

t f f 

baddi^dillak 9a^>?utaal mniiH o I want to direct you to a good hotel* 

1*4 Notice the forms for ‘'and’' in the following expressions? 


tnayn wwtnayn ?afb9a „ 

2-f2* 4 

waaHid u^e/tti sab9a o 

1+6*7 

?a^b9a u^xamsi tis9a * 

4+ 5 *.9 

, / . / . _ 

tnayn w^bmaanyi 9asra 0 

24*8 *.10 

xubz wufwaaki 

bread and fruit 

f f 

fwaaki u*,xubz 

fruit and bread 


Note 1„4 The sounds represented by M u" and "w" in Arabic are very similar D 
and from time to time it happens that an Arabic word has ”u" in one form and 
"w" in another,, The word for 9 and 9 is an example of this„ 


baddi^uuH 9&Jsmaali * 
suu haada ?iddaami ? 
ma^fii 9indi ba^aalja » 
hawdi swaakiiri * 


-17- 


1.13 


Sometimes it is u, sometimes w. When the following word begins with two 
consonants it is w, when it begins with one consonant it iq u* Thus tnayn, 
tmaanyi, fwaaki begin with two consonants % on the other hand*"xamsi, sitti, 
xubz begin with a single consonant. 

1.5 Notice the Arabic for "the” in the following expressions* 


lHamdilla 

The 

praise to God 

l?utaal 

the 

hotel 

lmHa^a 

the 

station 

bayt lgayy 

the 

toilet 

ssalaami 

the 

peace, safety 

ssaa9a 

the 

hour 


Arabic has two ways of saying "the" -- either putting 1- at the beginning 
of a word or doubling the first consonant of a word. The use of these twe 
ways depends on the consonant that begins the word. For example, if it is s 
you double it* saa9ai ssaa9aj but if it is m you use JL-g r^ayys lipayy. _ 

1.6 Numbers . In the Basic Sentences you learned that the Arabic word for 
"three” is tlaati but that if you want to say "three pounds" you say tlat 
liiraato Arabic numbers from _"three" to "ten" have one form when they are 
said by themselves and another”when they are counting. Here is the complete list* 


alone 

with a noun 

tlaati 

tlat liijaat 

?a^b9a 

?ajb9 liifaat 

xamsi 

xams liifaat 

sitti 

sitt liijVat 

sab 9a 

sab9 lii^aat 

tmaanyi 

tmin liij’oat 

tie 9a 

tis9 lii^aat 

9ai^a 

9a'if liijjaat 


There are other ways in which the numbers you have learned differ in use 
from the corresponding English numbers. For example, the Arabic for 9 one 9 
usually fellows its noun instead of preceding it like the ether numbers. 

Also, it has two forms, a masculine (waaHid) and a feminine (wiHdi), and you 
have te know when to use which form. You will learn more about this in later 
units. Here are twe examples* 





-18- 


lo 14 


maij9am vr^Hid one restaurant 

lii^a wiHdi one pound 

In special cases* however* the word for "one" comes first* and then yeu 
ilw&ys use waaHido For examples 

9^/ini waaHid ?ahwi o Give me one ceffeso 


For saying "twe" of anything Arabic does not usually use tnayn but instead 


adds an ending ~ayn to 

the nouno For 

examples 


l/i^a (wiHdi) 

one pound 

siikaa| , a (wiHdi) 

one cigarette 

liirtayn 

two pounds 

siikaa^tayn 

two cigarettes 

tlat liijgaat 

three pounds 

tlat swaak/ir 

three cigarettes 


- 19 - 


1.15 


Section D. Exercises 

1. Questions and Answers. Hera are soma quastlans which you ara able to 
answer in Arabic. Read each questien alsud, be sura you understand it, and 
than answer it briefly in Arabic. Taka turns asking one anether the questiens. 
Do net try to invent elaborate answers; just use the phrases and sentences yau 
have learned in the Basic Sentences. Go ever the questions until you are able 
to answer each one promptly and relevantly in several ways. 

/ / 

1. btiHki 9apbi ? 

2. w/yn limHa^a T 

3. k^if Haalak T 

4. Tiddays baddak T 

5. Suu baddak T 

6. wayn sswaakiir T 

7. Tiddays ssaa9a T 

8. wayn bayt ligayy T 

9. Tiddays tnayn w^bnayn T 

10. 'Kju haada ? 

2. Arithmetic. Read eaoh questien aloud, be sure you understand it, and 
then answer it in a complete Arabic sentence. For example; 

Tiddays tn/yn wjbnayn T Answer, tnayn n^fcnayn ?a^b9a . 

Take turns asking one another; 

1. Tiddays x^msi wjtnayn T 

2. Tiddays sitti w^tlaati T 

3. ?iddays tlaati unions i T 

J u / / 

4. ?iddays tis9a icwaaHid T 

5. Tiddays Tafb9 liifaat ujeams liifaat T 

6. Tiddays sab9a tlaati ? 

7„ Tiddays Ta^b9a u^?a^b9a ? 

8. Tiddays tlat liij*aat uUiirtayn T 

9. Tiddays tnayn u^sitti T 

10. Tiddays tlaati w^tnayn wwaaHid T 



-20- 


lo 16 


3 0 Yes or No 0 Read each question aloud, be sure you understand it, and then 
answer first affirmatively and then negatively, using complete, natural Arabic 
sentence So For examples 

/ / / / / / / 
fii 9indak samak ? na9am, fii o la?, ma^fii o 

baddak ba^a^a ? n^9am, baddi 0 la?, ma^baddi 0 

Take turns asking one another 0 

lo baddak laHmi ? 

2o fii 9indak ruzz ? 

3 o baddak siikaaj'a ? 

4„ fhimt ? 

5o fii ma^9am h^wn ? 

6 0 baddak ?ahwi ? 

7<, baddak xubz ? 

/ / / ' 

8o fii ?utaal mniiH hawniik ? 

9o fii 9indak bUp ? 

10 o btiHki 9apbi ? 

4 0 Telling Time 0 Say the following times in Arabic» You only know the 
numbers to ten so you are somewhat limited in telling time, but practice 
with one another on the times you can say 0 

lo 3s10 

2o 9s00 
3„ lg05 
4 0 2s07 

5 o 6g00 
6 0 7g03 

7 0 8s10 
8o 5s05 
9 o 3 s 08 


-21- 


1.17 


Section E. Listening In 


Go through the following conversations with your group. The Guide 
or the speaker on the phonograph records will read them to you, with a pause 
after each sentence to give you time to repeat it after him. Speak up loud 
and clear, and imitate the Guide*s pronunciation as closely as you oan. 

The first time through, keep your book closed and see how muoh you can 
understand through the ear alone. The second time through, open your book 
and follow <fche printed version with your eye as you listen. Go through each 
conversation as often as you need to in order to understand it all. 

The conversations in the Listening In contain no new words and no 
sentence types that you have not already learned. If you have memorized the 
Basic Sentences, you will have no trouble in understanding what you hear.. 

The leader will discuss the meaning of the conversations with you, and the 
Guide, as usual, will tell you whether your pronunciation satisfies him. 


_22- 


1.18 


Richard Jones tries his Arabic with Hanna Khouri* 


, / 

Joness nhaa^ak sa9iid o 

/ / / 

Khouris nhaaj°ak sa9iid w^mbaaj°ak 


J one s s 


J one s; 


Jones? 


kiif Haalak ? 


Khouri? ma^uu^ IHamdilla e kiifak ?inti ? 
nulkur ?a^.|a s mniiH o 


Jones? 


Khouris b/ddak siik&aj°& ? 


J one s % mawfhint 


x/ / 

suu siikaa^a ? 


Khouris haydi siikaapt, o 
J one s s mamnuun ? 

Khouris ba^dak v/a 19a ? 

/ / f / 

Jones? 9maal m*9ruuf 9^iini wa!9a 0 

Khouris haydi v,/i9a u^hawdi si^t swaakiir » 

Jones? la? a 9^{ini ?a£t)9 swaakiir « 

/ / 

Khouris bi9^iil; xamsi o 

/ / 

Jones? mamnuun ktiir 0 

/ y / 

Khouri? baddak siisrfutaal ? 

Jones? 9maal ma9juuf dAlni 9a^?utaal mniiH » 

Khouris ^uuH dugri 0 fii ?iddaamak ?utaal 9a*#yamiinak 
/ / 

Jones? ma^fhimt wayn o 

Khouris ?idd/amak XimHaJ^a u^ajemaalak ssiinama 0 
•Jayyib 0 

/ / 

Khouris Uv9a^yamiinak X?utaal » 


✓ 

fhimt < 


Khouris nulkur ?a’^J 

> / 

Jones 


/ ^ / 

wayn fii ma^9am ? 


-23- 


1.19 


Khouri: 

hawn fii ma^9am • 

J one s: 

w/yn hawn 7 

Khouri: 

Tiddaamak . 

Jones: 

mamn^un . 

2. Jones goes to the restaurant. 

Jones: 

/ 

marHaba . 

Waiter: 

marHabtayn . 

J one 8: 

suu fii 9^ndak 7 

Waiter: 

suu baddak 7 

Jones: 

baddi ?aakul . 

Waiter: 

fii samak u^ruzz u^laHmi iCba£aa£a . 

/ / / 

J one s: 

ma fii biira ? 

/ */ 

Waiter: 

kiif maU’ii ? 

y / / / 

J 0 nes: 

zibli biira u^ayy • 

/ / / 

Waiter: 

haydi biira tujyayy • 

Jones: 

y / / / / / 

u-zibli ruzz Uwba^aa^a u^scub* w-fwaaki 

Waiter: 

baddak laHxni 7 

J 0 nest 

la ?, ma^baddi • 

Waiter: 

u^ahwi 7 

J one s: 

9^iini waaHid ?/hwi . 

Waiter: 

^ayyib . 

J 0 nes: 

?idd/ys ssaa9a 7 

Waiter: 

ssaa9a 9aafjra • 

Jones: 

ssaa9a w^Hdi baddi^ruuH 9aJL?utaal . 

Waiter: 

£avyib, puH . 

/ / / / / 

Jones: 

wayn fii bayt yayy hawn 7 


Waiters 

J one s s 

Waiters 

& one s s 

Waiter: 

Jones: 

Waiters 

J 0 ness 

Waiters 

Joness 

Waiters 

Jones: 

Waiters 

Jones s 

Waiters 


bavt lijayv dugri Sa^Jfraaalak o 

?iddays bacld&k ? 

/ / / 

baddi tmin lii^aat o 

/ y / / 

9a^mahlak swayyio ma^fhimit „ 

/ / / / 

?inti btiHki 9ajabi u^mtu-fhimt ? 

/ / / / ft 

9maal ma9^uuf 9iid lli^Tultu w^Hki 9e^nahlak 

/ * / 

baddi tmin lli^aat o 

tmaanyi ? 

na9am tmaanyi » 

V / / 

siiwktiir s haada 

sib 9 lii^aat ? 

na9am » 

/ / 

9^iini u*^uuH 0 

bxaa^ak «, 

/ 

maSwssalaami 0 


/ / 

bi9^iik sab9a 


-25- 


Section F. Free Conversation 1.21 

This section is the pay-off; it is the goal toward which you have been 
working all through the rest of the Unit; a chance to use the material in a 
real situation. If you have done all the work in the Unit up to this point, 
you should have no difficulty in rattling off the sentences you have learned. 

First act out the Listening In, with different members of the group 
taking the parts of Richard Jones, Hanna Khouri, and the waiter* Run through 
each conversation several times, with different actors, until everybody in 
the group has played all the parts. 

Row go on to conversations of your own, modeled on the Listening In 
but changed as much as you like* The Leader will assign parts, and ask 
various members of the group to carry on the conversations in pairs or 
threes. Put some spirit and imagination into your performance; try to 
make each conversation as lively and lifelike as possible, and to rattle 
off the Arabic as naturally as you can. 

The following conversation outlines are only suggestions. If you have 
better ideas, by all means follow them. But remember that it is more 
valuable for you to speak fluently over a narrow range of topics than to 
hem and haw trying to say things you haven't learned yet* Never mind if 
your conversations in the first few Units sound a little monotonous. The 
only way to arrive at the stage where you can talk about more interesting 
matters is to practice the simple things first. 

Conversation 1. Asking for information. 

A sees B on the street; they exchange greetings. 

A asks the way to a restaurant, a hotel, or a movie theater. 

B says it is to the right or left or straight ahead. 

A doesn't understand and asks B to repeat. 

B repeats the information, speaking more slowly. 

A says he understood, and thanks B 

They say goodbye. 

Conversation 2. At the restaurant* 

C enters a restaurant and tells D (the waiter) that he is hungry. 

D asks him what he wants. 

C asks for meat. 

D says there isn't any, but he's got some fish* 

C asks for fish. 

C also wants some vegetables. 

D asks if he wants some beer. 

C says no, he wants coffee. 

After his meal, C asks for cigarettes. 

C asks how much he owes. 

D tells him. 


'j- 


- 26 - 

Conversation 3o On the streeto 

E has just come to towno He goes up to F and greets him c 
E asks where there is a hotelo 
F gives him directionso 
E asks him to speak slowly p 

F does so, giving the same information in other words 
(if possible)o 

E asks if the (building) isn't a hotelo 
F says no, this is a movie theater 0 
E says he's hungry 0 

F says there's a restaurant over there 0 
E says he didn't understando 
F rape atSo 
E thanks him P 
They say goodbye 0 



lo22 


-27- 


1.24 


sab 9a 

seven (sab9...) 

xamgi 

five (xamsoo. 

samak 

fish 

xubz 

bread 

/ 


/ 


»a9iid 

happy 

yamiinak 

your right 

•iikaa^a 

cigarette 

libli 

bring me 

siikaaytayn 

/ 

two cigarettes 

9a 

t to, at, on 
(9aJ.?utaa,l, 9a^m^hlak, 

swaakiir 

cigarettes 


9a*yamiinak, etc.) 

/ 

silnama 

movies (movie theater) 

/ 


sitti 

six (sitt..•) 

9ajabi 

Arabic 

ten (9aijr«o.) 

/ 

9asj*a 

ssaa9a 

the hour 

/ 

/ 


9iid 

repeat 

ssalaami 

ma9v*ssal/ami 

the peace, safety 

9indak 

at your place 

goodbye 


("you have") 

/ 

swaakiir 

see siikaaj^a 

some, somewhat. 

9maal 

do, make 

y ,ii. xL 

/ 

9^iini 

give me 

v / . , 

smaalak 

at all 


your left 



suu 

what 



«wayyi 

a little 



/ 

tia9a 

nine (t^s9o.o) 



tlaati 

three (tlst.oo) 



tmaanyi 

eight (tmin<>..) 



tnayn 

two 




good, all right 



waaHid j 

one 



wiHdi 

one (feminine) 



wal9a 

a light (for smoking) 



/ 

wayn 

where 



/ 

t 



wiHdi 

see waaHid 






Section Go Vocabulary 1 0 23 

This is a complete alphabetical list of all the words and expression* 
used in this unito It is for reference only, but you should know all of these 
before going on to the next unit,, 


?aakul 

I eat 

?&hwi 

c offee 


God 

?aj"b9a 

four (?arb9o«o) 

?idd/amak 

in front of you 

✓ v 
?iddays 

how much 

/ 


?inti 

you 

baddi 

I want 

baddak 

you want 


potatoes 

bayt mafyy 

toilet 

/ *1 


bii^a 

beer 

btiHki 

you speak 

/ 


dillni 

direct me 

/ 


fii 

there is, there a: 

/ 


fhim^ or 

I understood, you 

fhijnit 

understood 

fwaaki 

fruit 

/ 

haadjk 

this (masculine) 

hawdi 

these 

havrr; 

these 

hawni^ik 

the re 

hsfydi 

this (feminine) 

Haalak 

your state 

Hki 

speak 


kiif 

how 

k/ifak 

how are you 

/ 

ktiir 

much, a lot 

1- 

the (lHamdilla, 
limHa^a, l?utaal) 

/ 

la? 

no 

laHmi 

meat 

liija 

pound 

liiijaat 

pounds 

liirtayn 

two pounds 

ma, ma 

not 

j^yy 

water 

ma^uulj 

glad, fine 

mahlak 

your slowness 

9aw/nahlak 

slowly 

marHaba 

hello 

marHabtayn 

twice hello 

ma^9am 

restaurant 

ma9 

with 

maSL*e salaami 

goodbye 

ma9j , ^uf 

favor 

9maal ma9^uuf 

please 

nhaa^ak 

your day 

nuikur 

we thank 

^uuH 

go 

/ 

^uzz 

rice 


PART ONE 


-29- 


UNIT 2 


GETTING AROUND 


To the loaders Thi» Unit 1* constructed almost exactly like the first one. 
If there is any question in your mind at any point what the proper pro¬ 
cedure is, refer back to the corresponding part of Unit 1 and reread the 
directions given there. Refresh your memory of the points make in the 
Introduction too, so that you won’t overlook small but important points. 


Section A. Basic Sentences 


Go through the material Just as you did in Unit 1. The Leader will read 
the English equivalents aloud; the Guide will speak the Arabic twice, 
pausing each time long enough to allow the group to repeat if after him in 
unison. Then the Leader will read the next English equivalent, and the 
same cycle will be repeated. Be sure to listen carefully to the Guide and 
to imitate him as accurately as you oan. Keep your eyes on the Arabic 
spelling; but as you listen to the Arabic and as you repeat it, keep think¬ 
ing constantly of what the Arabic expression means. 

The group Leader should see to it that everything runs off smoothly and 
that everyone follow directions. He should keep the work moving at a 
lively pace, with every man speaking up loud and clear; and he should make 
sure that the Guide keeps a close check on the students* pronunciation. It 
is up to the Guide, with the Leader’s help, to accept or reject each man’s 
imitations to accept it if it sounds to him like real Arabic, to reject it 
if anything in the student’s pronunciation sounds foreign or queer to him. 
Whenever the Guide rejects a student’s imitation, he should say the Arabic 
expression again so that the student may have another chance to mimic the 
sound of it. 


English equivalents 


Arabic 


she came 


?iifit 


Here comes the bus’. (’The bus has come') 


the bus 



let us 


/ 

xalliina 

✓ 


the tram 
delayed, late 

Let’s get on it; it looks as if the 
tram's late. 

crowded (fern.) 

No, th© bus is crowded. 


we go up 


it seems 


in her 










we wait 

seconds another 
Let’s wait for another tram„ 
give us 
paper, ticket 
Give us two tickets,, 
class 

first (fem 0 ) 
or 

second (fem 0 ) 

First or second olass? 
value 

their value 
How much arn they? 

piastres 
Ten piastreso 
we want 
we go down 
Bab Idris 

We want to get off at Bab Idris 
when 

we arrive 
notify us 

Let us know when we get there 0 
line 

leads, takes 

Where does this line go? 

To Furn Esh»shibbak„ 


-30- 


/ 

nistanna 

taani 

/ f / / 

xalliina nistanna traam ttaani 
9-^iina 
waj*?a 

/ / 

9-^iina war?tayn „ 

d/rJi 

/ 

?uula 

/ 

yamma 

taanyi 

f y / / /v / 

darzi ?uula yamma darzi taanyi ? 
Ha?? 

h/??wi 

tiddays Ha??un ? 

?ruus 

9asr ?ruus 0 
badna 
ninzil 


/ ' 
baab driis 

/ / ft 

badna ninzil 9a baab driis 

limmin 

/ 

mnuu^al 

xabbSxna 

/ / f 

limmin mnuujaJ xabbirna c 

biwad di 

/ / / 
halxa^| Iwayn biwaddi ? 

9a«firn sSibbaak » 


-31- 


2.3 


I go down. 

Wait, I want to gat off hara 
Taxis 

wall, ya* 

plaasa (plural) 

Plaasa gat in. 
wa go 

tha Bur£ 

Wa want to go to tha Burz, 
How much do you want? 


?inzil 

9aun/hlak, baddi ?inzil hawn 
taksi . 

ndi9am 

tfa^lu 

na9am, tfa^lu . 
nj-uuH 
lbirz 

badna ny^uH 9«^lbirz . 
?iddayi ba&dak ? 


Four pound*o 

What's that? It'a too much. 


?d^ba9 liij-aat a 
auu h/yda ? ¥ii*Jctiir 


by God 
gantlaman 
it ia not 

It'a not at all too much, air. 
half 
planty 

] 

Two and a half pound* is planty. 
go up (plural) 

All right, gat on for thraa pounds, 
you want (plural) 

I atop for you (plural) 


xawaaza 

A 

mis 

/ , / y /y / 

w*|li ya^cawaaza mis ktiir . 

nl H , 

bi^zzyafidi 

/ / / 
liirtayn u«nisa bi^azyaadi . 

tiAu 

/ i / / / 
^ayyib, £la9u bl^Jblat liij-aat „ 

badkun 

/ 

wa??iflkun 

/ / / 
wayn badkun wa??iflkun ? 

Saayif 

binaayi 

Ham^a 

Tbaalak 

saayif halbinaayflHamj*a ?baalak 


Whara do you want ma to atop? 

saaing 

building 
rad (faminina) 

aha ad of you 

Do you saa that rad building ahaad of you? 


beyond 
from her 


2<>4 


-32- 


t 

xalf 


branch, turn 

A littla in back of it there’s a turn on 
your righto 

turn 

first 


gata 


/ 

mina 

mafra? 

xalf mina Wayy fii mafra? 
9«Myamiinak o 

. / 
bjuum 

?awwfl 

buwwaabi 


iron 

Turn in and stop at tha first iron gata 
on your laft. 



t 

Hadiid 

i u^wa??if\lna 9a^aj/wii 
.abitUIadfid 9ajSmaalak 


o 


with you 
changa 

Do you have changa for five pounds? 
Let’s ssso 

Haral (handing him tha nota) 

wa 

staying (plurarl) 
two hours 
approximately 

We’ll be staying hara about two and a 
half hourso 

you lika 

you return 

you taka 

Would you lika to coma back and pick us 
up at 5*30? 

if 

you 0 re lata 


ma9ak 

/ ft 1 / 

ma9ak ja^f it^ama^liiiaat ? 
ta**suuf o 

tf*Vi / 

niHna 


baa?yiin 


4 


saa9tayn 

/ 

ti?riiban 

f ft t 

niHna baa?yi3^i hawn saa9tayn 
u^jaijj ti?riiban . 

bitHibb 

tir?a9 

taaxud 

ff y / f 

bitHibb tirza9 taaxidna ssaa9i 
xamai ? 

?iza ^ 
t?axxart 

9an 


from, than 


-33- 

2.5 

we take 

mnaaxud 

except you 

gayrak 

If you're later than 5*30, we'll take 
somebody else. 

/ f / 

?iza t?aHmrt 9ap«6saa9fi 
xamsi u»nijj mnaaxud 'gayrak 

/ 

to you 

?ilak 

on me 

91ayyi 

I'll be 

/ 

bkuun 

before 

?abl 

time 

wef?t or 

minute s 

/ 

d?aayi 

I promise you I'll be here 
for you ten minutes ahead 
of time 

/ / , / 

?ilak 91ayyi bkuun 9indkun 
?abl lwa?t b9&ij d?/ayi? 


INSERT 


I 

/ 

?ana 

also 

/ 

kmaan 

I do too. 

/ / 

UvJ?ana kmaan « 


I do too 


2,6 


-34- 

Section Bo Pronunciation 


1, Trills (r, r) 

The Arabic "r" is not made the same way as pur English "r", In 
English we curl back our tongue and hold it there for the "r", In 
Arabic you make a trill with the tip of your tongue. You have un¬ 
doubtedly heard this trilling sound, and have probably made it yourself 
It is the sound many telephone operators use in saying "thur-ree" and 
that children often use to imitate the sound of motors. Sometimes the 
tip of the tongue makes one flap, often it makes two or three flaps in 
rapid succession. This sound is not at all difficult to learn, but it 
requires constant attention to remember always to make this "r" in 
Arabic instead of using the "r" you use in your English, 

Here are some examples of Arabic "r"« 


PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE ONE 


f 

ktiir 

’much* 

/ 

npiuH 

'we go’ 

/ 


/ 

ft 

swakiir 

•cigarettes® 

liija 

’ p ound ’ 

mbaa^ak 

•blessed' 

bi V 

'beer® 

/ 

^uzz 

•rice' 

fu$n 

•even® 

As you 

know, the re are 

both light and heavy 

"r® s" in Arabic 


For the time being, just listen to the Guide or phonograph record 
and imitate carefully, noticing that "r" is usually next to "u" and 
"r" next to "i" and that both occur next to "a", 

2 , The glottal stop (?) 

This sound occurs in both English and Arabic — in English it is 
a rare soupd that occurs only in a few words or in saying certain 
sequences of words very carefully* in Arabic it is a full fledged 
consonant that occurs in very many words. We have it in English for 
example in the expression of mild dismay "uh=oh8"— once before the 
"uh" and again before the "oh", so that if we write the sound with a ’? 
we should write "?uh-?oh2" Or, as equivalent to "No, Nog You mustn't 
do that ", we sometimes say to a child "?ah=?ah" (ah in "cat"). 

We often use it in speaking carefully where one word ends with a vowel 
and the next one begins with a vowel, e,g, "Florida ?oranges", "India 
?office" or in a phrase like "an ?ice man" as contrasted with "a nice 
man". In Arabic ? occurs at the beginning, middle or end of words, 
single and double, 

i i 

Here are examp less 


-35- 


2.7 


/ 

?aakul 

pronunciation practice two 

•I aat' ?juu)f 

'piastras' 

la? 

•no’ 

z l“l 

’allay* 

Ha??un 

’thair valua' 

/ 

waj?tayn 

'two tickats' 

mTaxxaj 

'dalayad, lata* 

bit^uul 

’you say’ 

d^aayi^ 

t ,' minuta s * 4 

• 



Tha‘sound is callad "glottal stop"— "stop" bacausa tha air is 
complataly stoppad (as with tha stops t, d, k, g, b) and "glottal" 
bacausa tha closura takas placa in tha glottis. Notica again that 
thara ara both light and haavy glottal stops in Arabic. This will 
ba disoussad in mora datail in Unit 10. 

3o Doubla consonants 

In English doubla consonants ara not common. Oftan wa writa 
doubla consonants whan wa say singla onas, a.g. "panny", "hanmar", 
"badding", ate. 

Hara ara soma axamplas of raal doubla consonants in English? 
panknifa *(doubla "n") cf. panny (singla "n") 
ham-markat (doubla "m") cf. hammar (singla "m") 

. mid-day (doubla "d") cf. badding (singla "d") 

Hara ara axamplas of Arabic doubla consonants. Only tha Arabic 
words ara on tha racord. 



PRONUHCIATION PRACTICE THREE 


Arabic words 

Maaning 

Consonant 

Similar English Examplas 

1. UbbAk 

'window' 

bb 

grab-bag 

n^bbih 

' arousal 


cab-buildar 

2. baddak 

?iddtyS 

’you want' 

dd 

bad-dack 

’ how much’ 


mid-day 

3. nistanna 

’wa wait' 

nn 

pan-knifa 

♦minnu 

’from him' 


thinnass 

4. Ha?Tun 

’thair valua' 

?? 

... 


-36- 

Seotion C Analysis 


2 0 8 


Note 2 0 1 Masculine or feminine . You have learned tvro Arabio words for 
"this"* haada (or kdyda) and hdydi. Every noun in Arabio is either 
masculine or feminine 9 and the word "this" is h^ada (hayda) when it refers 
to a masculine noun and haydi when it refers to a feminine noun® For ex¬ 
ample 9 ma$9am *restaurant* is masculine and "this" referring to ma$9am is 
haada (hayda)$ siigaaja ’cigarette* is feminine and "this referring to 
siigaapa is haydi« Most masculine nouns end in a consonant (e.g. ma^9am # 
xibz, ?utayl fl H^al) j most feminine nouns end in -a or «i (e.g. siigaara, 
mHa^, laSai, s%fi, bi'i$>a). 

The terms "masculine" and "feminine" are used because nouns denoting 
male beings are usually masouline and nouns denoting female beings are 
usually feminine. However 9 the fact that a noun is masouline has very 
little to do with the sex of the object it denotes. In English we may 
refer to a noun by using "he", "she", or "it"> in Arabio you must learn 
with each noun whether it is masouline or feminine so that you oan use the 
right words in referring to it. For further details see Note 2.7. 

Note 2.2 " The" As indicated in Note 1.6 the Arabio equivalent of "the" 
is either 1- prefixed to a noun or the doubling of the first consonant of 
a noun. In the Basio Sentences of this Unit there are additional exampless 

lbuuqija, lxa£tj, lwa?t, ttaani, tzyaadi. 

If a noun begins with one of the following consonants, that consonant 
is doubled for "the"s 


t 

d n s z s 

z 1 r 



$ § ? 

i r 


Here are 

further examplesg 



taani 

’seoond* 

ttaani 

•the second* 

fayyib 

•good* 

Iftayyib 

•the good* 

darzi 

•step* 

ddarzi 

•the step* 

■Ml 

•half* 

✓ 

nnlq£ 

•the half* 

samak 

•fish* 

ssamak 

•the fish’ 

IH* 1 

•change* 

5farfi 

•the ohange* 

/ 

zyaadi 

•extra* 

z zyaadi 

•the extra* 

sibbaak 

•window* 

ssibbaak 

♦the window* 







-37- 


2 0 9 


laHmi 


•meat* 


ll&Hmi 'the meat* 


rizs *nioe* rrizz »tbe nice® 

If a noun begins with some other consonant (b fmwykgxgH 9 h ?)» 
1- is prefixed for *the»* Here are further exampless 


b«(yt 

•house® 

Ibayt 

'the house® 

firn 

•oven* 

Ifirn 

'the oven® 

mafra? 

•branch* 

Imafra? 

the branch® 

wa?t 

•time® 

lwa?t 

'the time' 

/ v*' 

xawaaza 

•gentleman® 

lxacwaaza 

'the gentleman® 

gayr 

•other* 

lgayr 

'the other® 

Ha'f? 

•right* 

IHa?? 

'the right' 

9a^abi 

•Arabic* . 

19a^abii 

'the Arabic' 

Tahwi 

•coffee* 

l?ahwi 

•the coffee® 

The word limHa^^a of Unit 1 is rnHa-^a 'station® li 'the'© Whenever 

a noun begins with TWO consonants (of which the first is not one of the 
consonants that double) 'the® is li-* Here are further exampless 

_ f V 

?ruua 

•piastres* 

li?ruus 

'the piastres' 

m?axxa|° 

•late* 

lim?axxaj 

'the late' 

fwaaki 

•fruit* 

lifwaaki 

'the fruit® 

But notice as in a word like 
the two consonants is one that is 
too* Further examples % 

ttraan 'the train ® 0 
doubled when alone 0 

that if the first of 
it is doubled here 

nhaar 

•day* 

S 

nnha&r 

•the day' 

swayyi 

•little* 

a swayyi 

'the little® 

d?aayi 

•minutes* 

dd?aayi? 

•the minutes' 


Note 2*3 "This" Study the following sentences taken from the Basic Sentences 
of Units l~and 2* 

l c 25 haydi siigaaja® This is a cigarette 0 

hayda siiyktiir 0 


1*21 


That's a l®t 0 



-38- 

2 oil ha^lxa^lwayn biwaddi ? Where does this line go? 

2„24 saayif halbinaayi IHamra Do you s®e that red building? 

Hi tbaalak? 


Notice that of these three equivalents for English "this 0 the first two 
(hayda 0 haydi) occur independently*, and the third (ha^l) is always prefixed 
to a noun 0 Thusg 


hayda ma^9am mniiH c 


This is a good restaur-ant® 


ha^lmal^ 9am mniiH® 


This restaurant is good® 


haydi siigaajti® This is my cigarette® 

MaJbHlbb ha^ssiigaafa® I don°t like this cigarette 0 

Notice also that hayda and haydi refer to masculine and feminine nouns 
respectively, but that ha 1- is used with either kind of noun (e 0 g 0 ha^lxai^^ 
ha Ibinaayi)® The 1- of ha 1- is the Arabic (the( described in Note 2®2 and 
so is a doubling of the first consonant of the noun under the conditions 
described in Note 2®2® 


Note 2 0 4 In Note 1®3 the endings -=>i 0 ~ni® °ny 0 me® and =ak 0 =>k ^your*, you® 
were discussed® The following words taken from the Basic Sentences of this 
Unit show two more endings of this kindg 


xalliina 

let us 

baddkum 

your (pi) wish 

9$iim 

give us 

watt&ljam 

I stop for you (pi) 

baddna 

our wish 



xabbima 

notify u£ 



wa??iflna 

stop for us 



taaxidna 

you take us 




r* oV . :■ 

The ending =>na means v our 0 us°g the ending <=»kna means °your 0 you 0 when r®= 
ferring to more than one person® Here are more examples of all thes® endings 8 


baddi 

baddak 

baddna 

baddkun 


my wish = I want 
you wish ~ you want 
our wish « we want 
you (pi) wish =■> you (pi) 
want 


swaag^rl 

swaagiirak 

swaagixrm 

swaagi^tcus 


my ©igar®tt®s 
your cigarettes 
our cigarettes 
your (pi) cigarette® 


/ 

Sa.^smaali on my left 

9avSTnaelak ©n your left 


9 a^ yarn! Ini on my right 

9a^yamfinak on your right 


-39- 


2 oil 


V / 

9a v ssmaalna on our left 

9»Jn^Calkun on your (pi) left 


Tiddaaini 
?idda'amak 
Tiddaaama 
Tiddaamkun 


in front of me 
in front of you 
in ffront of ue 
in front of you (pi) 


9a^yamilnna on our right 

9a^yamiinkun on your (pi) right 


9^ndi 

9ifndak 

9inna 

9^ndlcun 


at my place p in my possession 
at your place p in your possession 
at our place p in our possession 
at your (pi) plaee p in your (pi) 
possession 


ma9i with me 
ma9ak with you 
ma9na with us 
ma9kun with you 
(pl) 


xabbirni 

xabbirna 

9-feiini 

9$iina 

taaxidni 

taaxidna 


notify me 
notify us 
give me 
give us 

you’ll take me 
you’ll take us 


waffifll 

wa??iflna 

di'llni 

dillna 


stop for me 
stop for us 
direct me 
direct us 


nsuufak 

n&uufkun 

dillak 

dillkun 

wa??i'flak 

wa??£flkun 


we see you 

we see you (pl) 

I direct you 
I direct you (pl) 

I stop for you 
I stop for you (pl) 


Note that with nouns (badd^ swaagiir p smaal 0 yamiin 0 ?baal 0 Tiddaam) and 
prepositions (9fnd p , ma9) the ending for "my p me* is -l p but that 
with verbs (x£bbir 0 dill, nsuuf p etc„) the ending is -nio This is the 
only ending of this kind which has different forma for nouns and verbs? all 
the others p such as -ak 0 ~na p -kun (and the others you will learn) are the 
same for botho 


Note 2 0 5 
Sentences 

Study the following verb 
of Units 1 and 2g 

forms which occurred in 

the 

Basic 

ni^la9 

we 

t5xza9 

you 

return 

J?inzil 

I 

go down 

nistanna 

we wait 

taaxud 

you 

take 

=wa??if 

I 

stop 

✓ 

ninzil 

we go down 




-juuh 

I 

go 

njuuh 

we go 




^aakul 

I 

eat 

nsuuf 

we see 








In these forms prefixes correspond to English "I" p *you% and "we" „ We will 
refer to forms of this kind as forms of the IttEFIX TENSE e The prefix for 
*we" i* ni - or n-„ the prefix for "you" is ti - or t« p and the prefix for 
"I" is ?i =>„ 1= 0 or not hing * The remainder of the word we will call the 
STEM e In general B the longer forms of the prefixes (ni- 0 ti- p Ti-) are 


-40- 


2,12 


used when the verb begins with two or more consonants (-n2ll 0 =^!a9 p eto»)s 
otherwise the shorter forms (a° 9 t<= 0 ?- or nothing)„ Here are the forms ©f 
the prefix tense of the verbs of Units 1 and 2g 


» jn 

”you" 


W we 3! 

meaning 

?iHki 

tiHki 


niHki 

speak 

?Ynzil 

tonsil 


nijizil 

g© down,, get off 

?irza9 

tfr£a9 


nirlaS 

return p go back 

1 £^la9 

ti-|la9 


ni^lad 

g© up p get on, g@ 
out 

U9$i 

ti9$i 


ni9^i 

give 

?uul 

tTuul 


nfuul 

say„ tell 

d£ll 

ddill* 


ndftl 

direct 

Hibb 

tHibb 


nHibfc 

like,, lev® 

Kuun 

tkuun 


nks£ua 

be 

ruuH 

truuH 


nruuE 

g© 

suuf 

taudf 


nsuuf 

see 

waC?Uf 

twaf?if 


sartftfif 

stop 0 stand 

waddi 

twaddi 


nwacldi 

lead 0 takep send 

xibbir 

tsr4bbir 


nxabbir 

notify 

xalli 

tac&lli 


nxalli 

letp hav#p leave 

9i'id 

t9iid 


n9i'id 

repeat 

taakul 

taakul 


naakul 

eat 

faaxud 

taaxud 


n&axnd 

take 

?uu$a| 

tuu§a| 


ralufaj 

arrive 0 ready 

♦Note that t= plus dill 

is ddillp which is easier to say 

than tdillo 

Note 2 e 6 

The b~ verb prefix,, Study the following verb form* which have 

also occurred in the Basic Sentences 

of Units 1 and 2 0 


mmra$a| 

we arrive 

bitHibb 

you like bkiausa 

I®11 b® 

mnaaxud 

w® talc® 

b^ifeki 

you speak lbi9^iik 

I®11 give you 


Son® time a b<=.„ bi~ 0 m=p or mi~ is prefixed to the forms of the prefix tens® 
described in Not® 2 0 5® These ar® all alternants of the same prefix p which 
will be called the B~ PREFIX 0 The larger forms (bi~ 0 mi°) occur before a 
stem beginning with two consonants and the shorter forms (b-> 0 m-) otherwise c 
The fom m(i)° occurs only before the n(i)= s, we 8 - prefixg everywhere els© 
b(i)=> appearso Note that when b{i)° is added to a form beginning with the 
?(i)=> prefix,, the ? of the prefix drops out (© 0 g 0 taakulp baakul)„ The 
foliowing list gives the forms listed in Note 2 0 5 with the b=>pr©fix add@dg 




”you" 




w 


biffid 

binzil 

birla9 


btiHki 

btirnil 

btirz&9 


mniHki 

mninstl 

nuiirzaS 



bi^la9 

-41- 

btitla9 

mnitla9 

bi9ti 

bti9ti 

mni9^i 

b?uul 

bit?uul 

min?uul 

bdftl 

biddill 

mindill 

bHibb 

bitHibb 

miaHibb 

bkuun 

bitkuun 

minkuun 

bruuH 

bitruuH 

minruuH 

bsuuf 

bitsuuf 

minsuuf 

bw£f?if 

bitwaTTif 

minwa??if 

bwaddi 

bitwaddi 

minwacidi 

bxabbir 

bitxabbir 

minx^bbir 

bxalli 

bitxalli 

minxalli 

b9ild 

bit9iid 

min9iid 

baakul 

btaakul 

mnaakul 

ba'axud 

btaaxud 

mnaaxud 

buu$a^ 

btuu$a^ 

mnuu^a| 


The fallowing sentences, taken from the Basic Sentences of Units 1 and 2 0 
give examples of the use of the forms of the prefix tense with and without 
the b<= prefixo 

2.2 xalliiaa ni^la9 fiia. 

2.4 xalliiaa aistanna traan ttaaai. 

2.9 baddaa ninzil 9a^baab driis. 

2.16 baddna nfuuH 9aJLbirz , # 

2 0 31 bitHibb tirza9 taaxidna 0 „.? 

1.43 baddi faakul. 

2.28 ta^suufo 

1.9 btiHki 9apabi ? 

1.22 bi9^iik liirtayn. 

2.31 bitHibb ti'rza9 taaxidna..T 
2o33 ooobkuun 9indkun ?abl lwa?t... 

2.32 .ooinn'aaxud gayrak. 

2.10 liinmin mnuugaj xabbima. 

In these sentences the simple forms of the Prefix Tense without the b- 


=42= 


2 0 M 


prefix ar® DEPENDENT os a preceding word (e 0 g 0 b&ddi 0 xalliim p bitHIbb) @ 2 ° 
are used with the prefix ta^ 0 Thus the forms of the Prefix Tease are very 
often t® b© tramslated by "t o " ia Englisho Arabic says '’“you like you ge" 
or "let me I stay" where English says "you like to go" or let me stay"® 


Om the other hand the form with the b=> prefix ia these sentences ar® 
INDEPENDENT 0 For example "w© go" or "we®11 g@® by itself Is minruuH p but 
"w© go" ia combinations like "we want we go" or "let us 7 ?© ge* ia a^uuHo 


Her® are further examples of form® of the Prefix Teas® with or without 
the b- prefix® So over them until you are not only sure of the meaning of 
the Arabic and understand it but can also give the Arabic sentences for the 
English without hesitations 

2 c 

r 't „ s 

lidday® baddna nistann&t 

How long shall we wait! 

2 ® 

b!9Jiiknn 9asf liiyaat® 

I°ll give you (pi) ten poundse 

3® 

way! baddak tinsilf 

Where do you want to get off! 

4© 

minkuun 9indkonsaay® wiHdi 

We® 11 be at your place at on® 
thirty© 

5® 

baddak tjuuH ma9Ig 

Do you want to go with me! 

6 ® 

baddak tuu§a| tabl Iw&ftl 

Do you want to get there ahead @f 

time! 

7c 

majfii ma9n& fajfit xams li|raat 0 

We don®t have change for fiv© 
pound®® 

80 

b^la9 tab! 2wa?t b9asy df *myi! 0 

I® 11 go up two hours ahead of time 

9® 

ta.-niHM 9a^®bi 0 

Let 0 ® speak Arabi®® 

10 o 

baddna nirlaS ssaa9a tis9a 0 

We want to some back at nine 

o®clock® 

11 c 

maJPIi taksi n^uuH fiiaf 

Isn®t there a taxi w® can go in! 

12 0 

bitHIbb tirlaS tsakal ma9na! 

Would you like to come back and 
eat with us! 

13 0 

* ✓ / 

birsa9 ffl&9ku2io 

I® 11 go back with you® 

14c 

x&lllim nsuuf&ko 

Let us see ymu 

15c 

b!9”§iik Hal fun 0 

I® 11 give you the money to pay for 
them® 

IS® 

>f f f f 

suu baddak taakul! 

What do you want to eat! 





-43- 

2.15 

17® 

?iza tlaxxart 9an w lxamsi baaxud 
gayrak« 

If you*re later than five 1*11 
take someone else. 

18<* 

✓ / / 

xabbirna ssa&9a sitti. 

Notify us at six o'clock. 

19* 

ssaa9a Tiddays btir2a9 taaxidnif 

What time will you come back and 
pick me up* 

20. 

minwa??if 9a^?aWil buwwaabi 
9a^yami inna • 

We*11 3 top at the first gate on 
our righto 


Kota 2.7 In Kota 1.6 noma forms like liipa, liirtayn, liiyaat where dis- 
cuBsedo There are many nouns of this type in Arabic„ They -will be called 
FEMININE T=» NOUNS 0 By itself such a noun ends in -i or -a but when a 
suffix is added or when the noun is in close connection with a following 
noun the ~i or °a appears as °(i)t 0 The plural usually ends in «aat e Here 
are further examples? 



saa9a 

wal9a 

bnaayi 

buug-^a 



saa9ti 

wa!9ti 

bnaayti 

buu§^i 


"two" 

saa9tayn 

wal9tayn 

bnaaytany 

buu^^ayn 


plural 


meaning 


saa9aat hour, clocks watch 

wal9aat light, flame 

bnaayaat building 

buu§$aat bus, mail 


As you know some Feminine T-nouns have other plurals (e.g. siigajLfa - 
swaagiir) 0 Here are examples? 


dTiita 

siigaa^a 

wafta 


darzi 


(dtiitti)^ 

siigaa|ti 

wa^tti 

darzti 


dTiittayn dTa'ayi? minute 

siigaajrtayn swaagiir cigarette 

wap?tayn war?4at jjr • leaf, paper, ticket 

upaa? 

darztayn darzaat or step, class 

dpaaz 


Some have plurals in -aat with slight changes in the form of the word, for 
example? 

buwwaabi buwwaabti buwwaabtayn buwwabaat gate 

xawaaza xawaazti xawaaztayn xawazaat gentleman 

taksi taksitayn talcs iyaat taxi 


In the Vocabularies of this and following Units a Feminine T-Noun will be 
marked Ftj if the plural, or any other form, is at all irregular the noun 
will be marked Ft* as the irregular forms will usually be given,, Most 
feminine nouns ars Feminine T-Nouns it will be marked F„ If it behaves libs 
a Feminine T-Noun but it is masculines it will be marked Mt 0 or Mt*, All 
other nouns are masculine and will be left unmarked 0 Here are further ex¬ 
amples of the use of Feminine T-Nouns „ Go over the sentences and their 
English equivalents very carefully and make sure you understand the Arabic 




-u- 


2 .16 


and can give it without hesitation when asked tha English© 


1® xalliina nistanna dfiiftayn© 
2 0 tfa4<|alu ^la9u ya^xawasaat© 
btxalliini ?aaxud wa^ta ? 
t?a^4 a ^ hawdi xams upaa? 0 


Let’s wait a eonple of minutes © 
Fleas® get in*, gentlemen© 

Will you let me take a ticket? 
Here are five tickets 0 


bti^la9 9as|° darsaat 9a^yamiimk You go up ten steps ©n the left 
u^darltayn 9a v Jmaalak btuu§a!| 19indu 0 and two steps on th® right and 

you 0 re at his pla@e 0 


6© 91«dksm bnaayaat 9a^baab driia? 


D© you hav® any buildings at Bat 


/ s 

7 0 => 9inna bnaaytayno 

8 0 wayn saa9it Hanna? 

9 0 m&9 saa9aatna 0 

10o 9lnm buwwaabtayn bbaytna 0 
11© 9-|iini siigaara min swaagilrak, 
12© ma^bHiijb ?ahwit Hanna© 


Idris? 

W® have two buildings 0 
Wher#°s John 0 © watch? 

With our watcheso 
W® have two gates in our house 
Giv* m® one of your cigarettes 
I don°t like John 9 © coffee® 



„ „ „ - 45 - „ 

Friend g ma9am 0 kawniik bitwaffif taksiyaato 


bitHibb npnsH 9a N JLma < £9am fabl ma^japiuH 9a^l?utaylf 
Jonesg b^ddi swaagiir fabl mafaakul* 

Friends Haffako fii swaagiir 9ind Ixawaaza Hi fbaalake 
Jonasg u^indu wa!9a f 


Friandg limmin mnuu§a^ lilwal9a filak 91ayyi bi9^iik tlaati* 
Jonasg ^ayyib « 

2* Jonas in a restaurant 0 

Jonasg baddi faakul 0 Suu fii 9indakf 

Waiterg tfa££a^ 0 lma^9am filak ya^xawaaza 0 

Jonas8 mamnuun kt&Lr 0 juuH zibli bilfawwil waaHid fahwi 0 

Waitarg Xfahwi bitkuun 9indak bxams dfaayif „ 

Jonas8 9maal ma9piuf dillni 9a^bayt Xmayy 0 
Waitarg pmH min hawn difri u^bfuum Sa^yamiinak 


Jonas g mamnuusie 

Waitarg suu bitHibb ziblak tajfcaakulf 
Jonesg rizz uJLaHmi u^xibz 0 
Waitarg majbaddak samak u^baijaa^a ujbii^a f 
Jonesg ma^bHibb ssamak 0 

9$iini swayyit ba^aa^a w^fwaaki wjnayn biija » 
Waitarg bi^lfutayl ssamak mis $ayyib * harm mniiH* 
Jonesg bti9^i rizz kmaan f 
Waiterg bi9^iik rizz fika bitHibb • 

***** 


Jonesg 9maal ma9piuf pauH z^ibli swaagiir u^waX9a „ 
Waiterg 9$iini Ha'tfwn* 


Jones 8 re&9ak faffIt 9asf liiyaat ? 

Waiters la? p m^m&9i 0 

Jonss 8 ^ayyib p sibli taksi tav^funH fiia 9a^firn ssibbaako 
Waiters Wyn fii taksi ? 

Joness hawniik fbaalak tabl Imafraf 0 

Waiters haydi mHa^it Ibwif^a 0 

Joness laf 0 xalf mina swayyi fiddaam ssiinama 0 

Waiters ssaa9a fiddays b&ddak tfwaH I 

Joness ssaa9a tlaati u^nifi 0 fiddays baddak f 

Waiters tlat input w^nl§§ wjlillpajfvaiiff xams Mi^aat* uJLiirtaftn 
ujaiff xeuns liij&at n^nif^ 0 


- 47 - 

Section E_o Listening In 
1« Richard Jones meets a friend,, 

Jonesg majHaba o 
Friend g majHabtayn 0 
Jonesg kiifak ? 

Friend g raab^wr^,, kiifak tinti ? 

Jonesg IHamdilla^ mniiH 0 

Friendg byi^haj’ btihki 9arabi mniiH „ 

Jonesg mis ktilr^ swayy „ 

Friendg baddak ?ut^yl T 

Jonesg baddi bioltaWil piuH 9*Jlbln 0 

?izit lbuusta o xalliina ni^la9 fiia o 
Friends ma9mattfa ktiir „ 

Jones 8 byi^haf ttraan mTaocxaf » 

Friend g ma^fii traan 9aolbirs min^haim o 
halxa^ biwaddi 9a^firn ssibbaak 0 
Jonesg kiif badna npauH ? 

Friendg xalliina nistanna buu^it ttaani „ 

Jonesg ?iddays baddna nistanna ? 

Friend8 xams d?aayi? p sab9 d?aiayi? 0 9asr dtaayitp mis 
Jonesg raa^fii taksi nproH fiia T 
Friendg fii taksi u^ii buug^a „ 

Jonesg wayn ttaksi T 

Friendg saayif halbinaayi Hi tbaalak f 
Jonesg xalf Imafra? lli 9a^.yamiinak f 
Friendg saayif TaWil bwmaabit Hadiid Hamja 1 



Jones g na9am o 

Friends xalf mina swayy 0 

Jonesg hawn fabl liriHa^ija f 





















• «#«& 



v*'*xnk 








.immcilhi rrrcX^ 


d ffax tm 





« tn*r i~t ttfyiiud AtxnB&fs tn *n 

Jtht*x 



t -j t\ j.i y, » "not 

• *f*u ] ±\ji 2wli b# lJt* 

t aUiaWt XXX £x« 4 rt<K«*< lXx**« shaeit^ 
T XXX TanYiarl Mmx ami 


fabl before 

Tamil 1 ( fern Tuula) first 

✓ 

Tilak to you* yours 

/V 

Tizit she cam® 

< V 

Tpuus piastres 

Tuula see Tawwil 

bayyTyiin (pi) staying 

baab gate* door 

baab drits ( place name ) 

binaayi Ft building 

buu^a Ft mail* post office* bus 

darzi Ft* (gl reg or draaz* da^az) 
step 0 class 

dtiiTa Ft* (j3l dtaayit) minute 

fii there is* there are 

fiia in it ( fern ) 

HaTt price* value* right 
/ 

Hadiid iron 
Haaqpa ( fern ) red 
iHibb like* love 
ikuun be 
ifuuH g® 0 leave 

isuuf see 

iwaddi lead* take, send 
iwaTfif stop* stand 


for you (pi ) 

-Ina for us 

mtaxxajr delayed* late 

mafraT intersection* branchy turn 

ma9zuuT crowded 

mina from her 

-na us* our 

s 

niHna w@ 
nistanna we wait 
niq$ half 

V ✓ 

saayif seeing* having seen 
tTaxxart I°m late 0 you°re late 

ta^ until* so thatp let°s 

ta^ani ( fern same or taanyi) second, 
other* next 

taksi Ft* (j>l tales iyaat) taxi 
tfac^a^ pleas® 

tfa^dpl* please (pi) 
traan train* tram 
watt time 

wa^a by God* indeed* certainly 

wa£?a Ft* ( pi reg or u^aat) leaf 
piece of paper* ticket 

xalf beyond* in back of 

x'a^ lins 

xawaala Mt gentleman 


- 49 - 

Section G« Vocabule 


“Ikon 


-50- 

ixalli let p leav® 

°>bm you (pl) 0 your (pi) 

-1- to* for 
-lak for you 

yltla9 go up p get on p go out 
yijhag seem p appear 
zyaadi Ft extra quantity 

bi^zzyaadi plenty 0 more than enough 
9ar. froTtip than 0 about 
91ayyi on m® 


yaaxud t&k® 

✓ 

yinzil go d<r*n 0 get off 
yirzaS go back p return 


PART ORE 


- 51 - 


UNIT 5 


MEETING PEOPLE 
Section A e Basic Sentences 


evening 

mas a 

well-being, goodness 

x&yr 

1, Good eveningo 

masa lxayr , 

may he make fortunate 

yis9id 

your evening 

rnasaak 

2, Good evening (in reply). 

/ „ 

yis9id masaak 0 

your healtk 

giHHtak 

3, How are you? 

kiif §iHHtak ? 

fine 

9aal 

may ke keep you safe 

isallmak 

4, Fine, tkank you. 

9aal, ?a^a isallmak , 

Fuad 

futaad 

permit me 

sraaHli 

I make you knew 

9arrfak 

mister 

✓ 

mi stir 


5, Fuad, may I introduce you to ya^futaad, sraaHli 9arrfak 

Mr 0 Smitk. ga^mi'stir smit , 


we 9 ve been honored 

V S 

tsarraftaa 

your acquaintance 

ma9riftak 

6, I*m kappy to meet you. 

y f / 

tsarrafna baa9riftak , 

honor 

v- / 

sa£af 

to me 

nii 

7, The honor is mine. 

ssafaf ?ilio 

states 

wilaayaat 

united (fern) 

mittiHdi 


mittiHdi 


-ife- 

8 0 Mro Smith is from the United States 
coming 
he visits 
our country 

9 0 He»s here to visit our country 0 

you have been 

10 o How long have you been her©! 
week 

lie I®ve been here a week and a half 0 
which 
steamship 
you cam® 

12 0 What boat did you come on? 

13o I came cn the Marine Carp c 
God willing 
she was 
voyage 

14 o I hope you had a good trip! 
thank you 

15» Very good*, thank you 0 
your presence 
state 

16 o What state are you from? 

17® From California,, 
oh 


3 0 2 

mifctir emit mn iwilaayaat ImittiEdi 

V r f 

£&&yi 

iZUU5£ 

blaadna 

zaayi ta^ttmr blaadna „ 
geurl&k 

fiddays |&£lak hawn f 

V * 

zim9a 

✓ y # / 

sarli zimSa^w^ni^i 0 
fayya or f&y 
baabuu^ 

V * 

ziit 

9a^?eyy& b&a'buu^ silt? 

V f 

ziit 9a.Jia»riin kaa^p* 
ns&!£a 

ka&nit 

✓ 

saf^a 

V * * / / 

nsaj^a kaasrit safrtak mniiHa? 
suk^an 

mniiHa. ktilr fl sukran 0 
✓ 

Haq^tak 

wilaayi 

mia^tayya wliaayi Ha^t&k f 
min^kalifiuipiya « 
yii 
xayyi 


ay brother 



- 53 - 

you know him 

18o Oh, my brother’s in California 0 
Do you know him? 

city 

present 

19, What city’s your brother in? 

20, In San Francisco, 

he does 

21, What does your brother do? 

I think 
that he 
business man _ 

22, I think he’s a business man, 

hi8 name 

23, What’s his name? 

24, His name is Khalil Maalouf „ 

I believe 

I know him 

he 

doth 

25, I believe I know him. Is he 
cloth dealer? 

yes 

you know for me 
about him 

26, Yes, what can you tell me about 


3.3 

bta9rfw 

yii, xayyi bkalifuurnya. 
bta9rfu? 

mdiini 

mawzuud 

b?ayya mdiini mawnxud xayyak ? 

/ 

bsanfransiisku , 
byi9mil 

'f - / / 

suu byi9mil xayyak ? 

biftikir or biftkir 
✓ 

?innu 

tatffir 

bifti'kir ?innu taasir, 

?ismu 

V / / 

suu ? ism ? 

/ / / 

?ismu xaliil ma91«uf, 

bi9ti?id or bi9t?id 

ba9rfh 

kuwwi 

?maaa 

bi9ti?id ba9rfu. huwwi taasir 
?raaas? 

?ay 

bta9rifli 
9 An mi * 

✓ V* ' s 

?ay p suu bta9rifli 9annu? 

Hwaal 


conditioms 


- 54 = 


3 0 4 


27 0 He®s weII off 0 
woman 
his wife 
children 

28« D© yom know his wife and children! 
all 

I know them 

29 0 1 know all of them* 


Hwaaiu mailHa. 


m&fa 

raartn 

ulaad 

bta9rif Tnar^n^nvwlaadn ? 

mi 

/ 

ba9rifun 
ba9rifun kill'jnu 


family 

30® I know all his family 0 
please 

31. How are his children? 
good (plural) 

32® They®re all fin©, 
he works 
his son 
large 9 old 

33 o What work does his oldest son do? 
carpenter 
after him 
student 

34® He's a ©arpeater p and his other son 
is still a student® 

their age 

it became 

35® How old are they by now? 
twenty 


9ay!i 

ba9rif kill 9ayltu ® 
daxlak 

daxlak 0 kiif ulaadu? 
radaaH 

/ z 

killnn nrna&H 0 

byistigil or byiatgil 

fibm 

kbiir 

snu byistgil ?ibnu likbiir T 
niasaa^ 
b&9du 
tiimxic 

^ f j / 

nizaaa^ c u^ibnu ttaani ba9dn 
tilmiiz . 

9ura^un 

/ 

faa^ 

?iddays §aar 9umrun ? 

9isriin 


-55” 


5.5 


year 

small# young 

36. Tke old one is twenty-five years 
old and tke young one eighteen. 

tkey help 

tkeir father 

tkey are 

busy 

37. Do tkey kelp tkeir father when 
they're not busyt 

everything 

he asks for 

from them 

38# They do everything he asks of 
them 0 

may he keep for him 
them 

39. May God keep them for him. 

40. And may he keep you. 

we've become happy 
your seeing 

41. I»m glad to have met you. 

as mueh 

you have made happy 

42. Not as glad as you've made me. 

honor us 

43. Please stop in and see us. 


s ini 

likbiir 9um$u xamslsU 0 9isriim 
sini zsgiir tman£a9s^. 

bisaa9dn 

bayymn 

bifanom 

masgualiin 

bisaa9du bayyua sii waft Hi 
najbikuuna mAsgauliin? 

killsi 

byi^|*b 

✓ 

adman 

byibmlu killSi byi^ub adW. 

ixalliilu 

yaahnn 

TaJ^a ixaliilu yaahan . 
m^lxalllik nsa^\a . 
nbga^na 
sawftak 

nbjatna ktiir bsawftak . 

Tadd 

b§a^ 

y/ ^ / S 

mis tadd majb^alj^na nlHna . 

V * 

sarriffca 

tfaggal# sarrifna 9a^lbayt # 


- 56 - 


3®8 



my power 

sahdi 

44® 

I’ll do my best® 

bi9mil kill zahdi 


may you reach morning 

tigbaH 

45® 

Good night® 

ti^b&H ga^ayr ® 

46® 

Good night (in reply). 

ujfinti bxayr ® 

47® 

Goodbye (®God be with you 0 ). 

?a^l& ikuun ma9ak 


may he keep you 

yiHfajak 

e 

00 

<*• 

Goodby® (in reply* ®God keep 
you®)® 

yiHfagak ® 


Section B ® 

Pronunciation 

1® 

Pharymgal spirants (H* 9) 

3 ** 


Th© two consonant somids represented in our spelling by H and 9 are 
among th© most characteristic sounds of Arabic c ’"/hen you are listening t® 
people speaking a foreign language and you have these sounds* you can be 
practically certain the language they are speaking is Arabic 0 Both sounds 
occur with great frequency in the language* and you must pronounce these 
sounds well if you want to speak Arabic so that you will be understood® 

The H is like a very strong M h w g it sounds like a sigh uttered with 
great force* or* even better like the sound of a panting dog® Don’t be 
afraid of the amount of energy and air it takes to say Hj it just does ,, and 
you cannot pronounce it acceptably without using a lot more energy and air 
than you use for an English w h M * It differs from our M h w also in that tho 
muscles of the top part of the throat (the ’’’pharynx 9 ') are tightened® If you 
put your fingers lightly on your throat while saying H properly* you can 
feel this tightness of the muscles® 

Here are some examples of Arabic Hg 


PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE ONE 


Haal 

"state* condition* 

Atnm sa 

Ha?? 

®right* value® 

«« evarf u9% 

ruuH 

®I g<*« 

t 8 * Wj aa do Jt ®S* 

He«£& 

* 

«red (feminine)® 

BIT TOIIQrf 

laHmi 

®weat* 

» Itk code saael* 







- 57 - 3*7 

✓ 

lHamdilla ’praise te God’ 

The Arabic seund represented in our spelling by 9 is similar te the H 
sound in that the pharyngal muscles are tightened* The 9 seund takes con¬ 
siderable effort te master* but careful imitation and intensive practice 
will make it sacend nature fer yeu 0 The first trouble for an English 
speaker learning the 9 is hearing and recognizing it 0 Often an English 
speaker dees net hear a oonsonant at all in a word like sa9iid or 9 as pa e 
Have yeur Guide say the example in the Pronunciation Practice again and 
again until you hear and recognize the 9 in every word. Remember that it is 
n*t a vowel like our "ah"* and it is not an accidental growl that got into 
e werd$ I s a full-fledged and very common consonant of Spoken Arabic* 

The seund is made by tightening the muscles of the pharynxg the seund 
ef retching you make before vomiting is also made by tightening the pharyngal 
muscles« The two sounds are therefore very similar* and you can try te make 
a sert ef retohing noise as a first approximation to the 9 C Another way te 
learn te produce this seund is to sing the lowest note yeu can and then try 
te sing two tones lowers the resulting growl is very much the same as the 
9 seund. The best way te learn it* however* is te listen carefully until yeu 
hear and recognize it instantly in words* and then imitate as carefully as 
yeu can* trying ta seund exactly like the Guide or the voice on the records. 

PRONUNCIATION HtACTICE TWO 


9 lid 

•repeat’ 

na9am 

•yes’ 

91ndak 

’with you’ 

mat9am 

®restaurant® 

9apabi 

•Arabio’ 

ma9puuf 

•favor* 

9aspa 

’ten’ 

saa9a 

•heur® 

9${ini 

’give me’ 

y^9ni 

’that is’ 

Both these 

sounds are called 

"pharyngal spirants" 

— ’spirant® 


the air passage is narrowed but not stepped* "pharyngal" because the narrow¬ 
ing is in the pharynx. 

3<> Three—consonant sequences 

In English we often have three* or oven four or five* consonants in a 
row in a single werd* e.g. "desks"* straight"* "sharkskin"* In Arabic there 
are often two consonants in a row* e*g* ninzil* ba'dna* mahlak* but very 
rarely three and practically never more than three. 

An English word may begin with a vowel* or with one* twe* three er mere 
oensenants (e.g. "apt"* "rapt"* "trapped"* " strapped"). Arabic words usually 
begin with a single consonant* occasionally twe censenants* practically never 
more than three (e*g<> tdanyi* tmaanyi). 


= 58 - 


3 0 8 

When an Arabic word begins with two consonants 0 Arab speakers often pat 
a very short "helping vowel" in front p e c gr ^tmaanyi “S>®aa9a 0 This is 
especially common when the preceding word ends in a consonant^ to® 0 © O go 
fidday^f issaa9a© The frequency of occurrence ©f this helping vowel varies 
from place to place 0 but in one form or another it occurs wherever Arabic 
is spoken,, Listen to the words in the Practice and imitate your Guide or the 
voice on the recordo In this Pronunciation Practice the position of the 
helping vowel is shown by i 0 but this is not usually given in the Basic 
Sentences or elsewhere in the Units© 

PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE THREE 

1/fhat time is it! 

Do you want three! 

Furn esh=>ShJLbbak (place name)© 
Very good© 


tiddays issaa9a ? 
badd&k itlaati ? 
furn issibbaak 0 
mniiH ilctiir © 
w^ibtiHki 9afabi ? 


And you speak Arabic? 




-59- 


3 0 8 


Section C 


Not® 3 q 1 Prefix Tens®,, In Unit 2 you learned three of the 
Prefix fens®. You meet another one in this Unite Here are 
forms which have appeared in the Basic Sentences of Units 2 


prefixes ef the 
examples ef w he H 
and 3 C 


yi9mil (yaWl) 


he does, he males 


byi9mil (byfiC9mii) 


he does g he makes 


ikuun 


may he be 


bi^uun 

yis9id (yis9ud) 
byifhaj 
isallmak 
biwaddi 


he will be 

may he make fortunate 
it seems 

may he keep you safe 
it leads 


The prefix for ”he" is yi= ©r i® just as the prefix for "you" is ti- or t® 
and for w we w is ni® or n- 0 The b® prefix is added to this yi® (i-) forms 
just as to the other forms of the prefix tense 0 In Units 3®6 the verbs in 
the Vocabulary will be given in the Prefix Tense w he” form 0 Here are the 
forms for most ef the verbs yen have learned in Units 1 0 2 0 and 3 a Fer 
convenience of reference,, the number of the Unit (lp 2 0 or 3) in "which the 
verb first appears is given in parenthesis after the verbs 


ya9rif 

bya9rif 

(s) 

knew 

ytHfaf 

bytfifas 

(3) 

keepp preserve 

yiHki 

bylHki 

(1) 

speak 

yinsil (°al) 

byinzil (-al) 

(2) 

go down p get eff 

r sf _ 

yirsa9 

byir$a9 

(2) 

go baokp return 

yismaH 

byismaH 

(3) 

permit, excuse 

yietanna 

byistanna 

(2) 

wait fer 

yis9id (®fcd) 

byis9id (-ud) 

(3) 

make fortunate 

yi|baH 

byi^baH 

(3) 

be in the maming 

yiskur 

byiskuy 

(1) 

thank 

yitlaS 

byi^laS 

(2) 

ge up p get ®n p get out 



- 60 - 


3*9 


yi^lub 

byi^lub 

(3) 

ask for* request 

yi9mil (y*») 

byiSmil (by&«) 

(3) 

d@* malfag 

yi^har 

byikh&r 

(2) 

seem* appear 

y&akul 

byaakul 

CD 

eat 

yaaxud 

by&axud 

(2) 

tak® 

3mufal 

byuu$a^ 

(2) 

arrive 

itnnl 

blfuul 

(1) 

say* tell 

idiil 

bidill 

(1) 

direct 

IHibb 

biHibb 

(2) 

like * lov® 

ikuun 

bilorun 

(2) 

be 

ipuuH 

bijuuH 

(2) 

g@ 

isaa9id 

bisaa9id 

(3) 

help 

isallim 

bisallim 

(3) 

keep safe 

isunf 

b isunf 

(2) 

see 

iwaddi 

biwaddi 

(2) 

take* lead 

iwafUf 

biwaHlf 

(2) 

step 

ixabbir 

bixabbir 

(2) 

notify 

ixatlli 

bixalli 

(2) 

let* leave* ksep 

ixunp 

bizuur 

(3) 

visit 

iliib 

bisiib 

(1) 

bring 

i9aVrif 

bi9arrlf 

(3) 

intreduce* cause 


Note 3®2 The Following pair of forms appeared in the Basic Sentences of this 
Units 

/ * 
byi9mil he dees* makes 0 byi9mlu they do* make 

The ’’they 86 form of the Prefix Tense consists of the 8l he’ H) form pins the 
plural ending °u c This plural ending is added to forms having the ,t(i)- ®r 
yi-(i-) prefix® F@r examples 

yon (sg) exsus© 


btismaH 


btismaHu you (pi) excuse 


-61- 


3olO 


✓ 

byismaH 

he excuses 

✓ 

byismaBu 

they excuse 

bti9mil 

y« (sg) do 

btilhniu 

you (pi) do 

byi9mil 

he does 

byiltoanl 

they do 

bti^lub 

you (sg) request 

btjf^lbu or 




bti^lubu 

yeu (pi) request 

byitlub 

he requests 

byi^lbu or 




byx^lubu 

they request 


Th® vowel before th© last consonant in the Prefix Tens© is ©ailed the STEM 
VOWEL© Notie© that when the stew vowel is =»*= {© o g 0 byismaH) th® =»= 
remains when th© -u is addedo When the ste® vowel is =i- (e 0 g 0 byi9mil) it 
is propped when the <=u is added (byiTSailu) <> When the stem v©wel is ~u- (««go 
byitlub) the -u- may remain or be dropped when »u is added (byrpuVu or 
byi^lbu ) 0 Here are the "you (pi)" and "they* forms of most of the verb’s yen 
have learned? 

(1) Stem vowel -a- (which remains)? 


tirsa9u 

✓ V 

yirsa9u 

return 

tismaHu 

✓ 

yismoHu 

excuse 

ti$baHu 

yigheHu 

be in the morning 

ti^la9u 

yi^la9u 

g® up 

tishapi 

yifhaju 

appear 

tmigaju 

yuu§a|n 

arrive 

(2) Stem vowel 

«i= (which is dropped) 


ta9rfu 

ya&rfu 

kn^r 

s 

tinslu 

yinelu 

g@ down 

ti9mlu 

yi9mlu 

do 

tsaa9du 

isaa9du 

help 

t saliva 

isallva 

keep safe 

twattfu 

iwat’fu 

step 

txabbru 

ixabbru 

notify 

tSarrfu 

i9arrfu 

introduce 


=6 £- 


Sell 


(3) Stem vowel ~u 0 

(may remain or 

be dropped)© 

tisk(u)|°u 

yisk(u)ru 

thask 

tl|l(itt)'bn 

y±§l(u)bu 

request 

t&aklu 

ymkM 

eat 

taaxdu 

y&axiu 

tak® 

( 4) Other verbs g 



tftmlu 

bifuulu 

say 

ddillu 

idlllta 

direct 

tHibbu 

iHibbu 

love 

tkuum 

ikunesu 

be 

tpiuHu 

ijmtBa 

6® 

tswufu 

iamitu 

see 


Izmxpz 

visit 

dziibu 

isiibu 

bring 


Note SpS Pruminal suffix®a In Units 1 and 2 yen learned the sufflaws «=4 0 
=>nig -ak 0 -kg -img^lam© ” In this Unit yon meet two more such endings 0 Steady 
the following examples which have appeared in Basie Sentencesg 


bia9rfu 

do you knew him? 

/ 

f ISBtU 

his 

name 

danm 

about him 

Hwaklu 

Ms 

conditions 


his 

wife 

ul&aiu 

his 

children 

?ibnu 

his 

sen 

b&9dj£ 

he s 

still 

9uaqg| 

his 

age 

ixallilln 

may 

h® keep for him 


- 63 - 


3.12 


kiilun 

all of them 

ba9rifun 

I know them 

9ia*jun 

their age 

bayyun 

their father 

Ttirwm 

from them 

endings =u 

"his* him" and 


the other suffixes of this kind you have learned* 


Note 3 0 4 Suffix alternants 0 

! , orms which are vu 


Certain ®f the suffixes ~1 ( 
under certain conditions* 


"you" 


suffixj, as you knew,, has twe forms g 
examples to see when each farm is usedg 


«&k ft and ~k< 


-akf, etc 0<) have 
For example 0 the 
Study the following 


Haal g 

Haalak 

m&®& 

bsuuf g 

bsuuf ak 

ixalll 

ba9rif s 

ba9rfak 

bi9^i 


rnasask 

ix&llilk 

biS^iik 


When a word ends in a consonant (Haal 0 bsuruf 0 baSrif) the =ak form of th® 
"you" suffix is used (Hdalak p bsuufak 0 ba9rfak). When the word ends in a 
vowel (masa* ixalli 0 b{9$i) the vowel is doubled and the -k form of th® 
suffix is used (aasdakp ixalliik^ biStxik). Other affixes have alternant 
forms g he on the leek*=#ut for the® and try t® figure out the conditions under 
which the various alternants are used. 

Note 3*5 In Unit 2 you learned that*, in general,, the b« prefix is added t® 
th© firms of the Prefix Tease when they are used independently* There i# 0 
however B one independent us® of the Prefix Tense in which the b- prefix is 

not used* 

Her© are examples taken from the Basic Sentences of Unit* 

1 - 3* 


yis9ud masaak* 

May he make your evening fortunate 

?a^\a isallmako 

May God keep you safe* 

?a^a ixalliilu yaahun* 

God keep them for hia 0 

w^ixalli lli^9indako 

And may he keep years* 

fa|*a ikuun ma9ak* 

G®4 be with you* 

ti'fbaH 9a^xayr* 

May you reach morning well* 


(w@) thank G®d& 


n£Ikup 

Th© simple f®ms ®f the Prefix Tense are used independently with the meaning 
"may something happen ” D 85 let something happen 89 ,, This use is very C'emraen in 
the third person ("h ®* 0 "they 38 ) and very common in formulas^ hut y©u will 
also find it in other persons and in n»n<= forma laic expressions* 

Note S 0 8 Ten more Feminine T° nouns appear in th® Basi© Sentences ©f this 
TTnllsT^ive of them are completely regular Ft nouns e the others ar® Ft* with 


various plural types 0 Her® 

are th© complete forms g 


H % a 

Ha$pti 

(Hafttayn) 

Ha^paat 

"presen®© 88 

safra 

safrti 

safrtayn 

saf^aat (or 





s&fraat) 

voyage 

s 

s 


✓ 


fiHH& 

§iHHti 

laHHtayn 

fiHHaai 

health 

sawfi 

eawfti 

sawftaya 

lawfaat 

sight 

wilaayi 

wila&yti 

wilaaytsyn 

wilay^st 

state D premise 

ma^a 

m^ti 

OOIC3CDCU(SC9C7C3C3 

niswaan 

woman D wife 

ma9rfi 

ma9rifti 

m&9riftayn 

m9aarif 

acquaintance 

mdiini 

mdiinti 

mdiintayn 

midun 

city 

sini 

(sinti) 

sintayn 

sniin or 





s&naw&at 

year 

* / 

sim9& 

(eiaSti) 

i y im9tsyn 

sia&S er 





smaa9 

week 


Notice that the second vowel of wi laay i is shortened in the plural wilayaat* 
This is a regular B automatic change^ ' xaw&iE&atp ®t@©) which will a® 
discussed in a later Unit© After this Unit th© forms ©f the new Feminine 
T^neuns will h© given in the Vocabulary only© 

Net© 5 0 7 Formula® © In Units 1=>3 you hav® met a considerable number of 
greeting ferwulasT For asking about someone’s health you have learnedg 
kiifak 0 kiif Haalak IdTif § iEHtak These are pretty much interchange able 0 
and ether similar formulas are also comn»n e ®*g 0 k£if lH*£al? e IdTif 
kiif liEwakr?*, etc 0 When meeting*, Arabic speakers often repeat these 
questions several times© Like English "Hew do you d®?" 0 they often function 
simply as greetings rather than actual inquiries about health* The reply 
usually consist® ©f a formula referring te God (3Ha®dilla 0 nflkur 
frf}|a isallmak) with or without a word for w ge#d 0 w®ll 0 fine" (mabfuu^ e 9a»l 0 




“65= 


3.14 


nnaiifi) 0 Occasionally the ward for w g#ad“ is used alene. 
typical exchange®? 


The fallowing are 


kiif Ha&lakf nsa|^a m&b^uuts? 

IKamdilla*, kiiflom? 


kiif 5 iHHtak? 

n fskur ?a^|A 


kiifak? 



kiif ffiHHa? 


9aalo kiifak fiitif 


Many formulas in Arabic are DYADIC i 0 ® 0 when a certain formula is used*, a 
certain other formula is almost always used in reply. A formula which is 
regularly used to reply to a given formula in this way will be called its 
RESPONSE. Sometimes a formula may be used as its own responses this is 
very often the case with greetings« Here is a list of paired formulas you 
have met g 

(1) ?a^|a ikuyn ma9ak 0 This is a "nice® formula of farewell? used* e.g. t© 
a friend*, to someone who has a long way to go to get boras p to someone to- 
ward whom the speaker has a somewhat paternal attitude 0 Without the iku§n 0 
the formula ?a||a ma9ak is used as a greeting at any tins of day*, usually t© 
someone who is working*, e.go a ratid*, a clerk*, etc.*, but not to someone en¬ 
gaged in heavy manual labor 0 In either case the response is8 fa^a ylnfa|ako 

. > 

(2) nhaarak sa9iid. This is used a* a greeting at any time during the day*, 
but not at night. Slightly formal® The response i® either mbaarak by itself 

or the full nhaa^ak sa9iid w^mbakjako 

(3) majHaba This is used as an informal greeting at any time® The response 
is cithers ma^Haba back again*, or p more commonly*, majHabtayng ©@®a*icmlly 
the plural mafaaHib is used as a re spans® 0 

(4) masa Ixayr. This corresponds very closely to English "good evening*. 

* “ iss masa Ixayr,, but various other responses are used*, such 



(5) tifbaH 9ajxayr. This corresponds to English "good night**, i 0 e o it is 
used at night when the person addrested is prestawd to be on the way to bed. 
The response is§ ujtinti bxayrg sometimes additional^ word® ^ar* added which 
elaborate on the xayr*, e.g. u^Jinti bkill xayr*, u J’inti hfalf (sl*, 000 ) xayr*, 
etc. 


-66- 


3 0 15 


(6) fa^a ixalliilu yaabun<, This exact expression is one form of the 
formula used in referring to soraeone ff s children or relatives 0 It may vary 
depending on exactly whose ©Mid or children are meant e In any case the 
response iss w^ixalli llis/Jindak or w^ixalll uiaadakf if the person t® whom 
■fhe response is directed has no children*, the response is w^ixalliiko 

Some formulas in Arabic come in threes and will be called TRIADIC i c « c of 
three formulas x*, y 0 and if a person says x 0 the other person replies 
with y 0 and the first person may say z or nothing at allg if*, however*, some® 
one says y without anyone saying x first c then the other person replies with 
z 0 An example of triad!© formulas is the followingg 

bxaalg'ak,, => maSjssalaami,, « ?a^a isaj.|mak«, 

The person who is leaving says bxaa$£ak 0 The person who is staying replied 
ma9^ssalaami 0 The first speaker may then say ?al].a isa|^aak or notMng at 
alio If*, on the other hand*, the man who is staying speaks first*, he says 
ma9 v ssalaami and the other person answers ?a||a isallmak 0 




- 67 - 


3 0 17 


Section E a Listening In 

Conversation 1 0 Yusif p a 3>banese youth newly arrived from American converses 
with his friend Fuado 

yuusifs masa Ixayr 9 ya v fu?aad 0 

fut&adg yis9ud masaako 

Idif §§iHHaf nsa||a mniiHaT 

ys 7a^.a isallmak* mniiHa ktiir p lHamdilla 0 

fs Tiddays tilak ziit Bdnjfamaarka? 

ys sii^sim9ao 

fs ssafja kaanit mniiHa 1 ? 

ys mfs ktiir« 

fs ^uu zaayi ta9ail? 

ys baddi suuf biyyi u^kill 19ayli«, 

fs xayyi mawiruud bmdiinit sanfransisku* 

fitn xaliilp bta9rfu? 

ys ?aa c ba9rfu huwwi njm&rtu u^ulaadu*, 

fs suu byi9mil? 

ys Hwaalu mniiH& 0 tilu xams sniin taazir ?maa*© 
f s daxlak kiif ulaadu? 
ys kiilun xmaaH« 

tibsau likbiir nizzaaf w^ttaaai tilniiz 0 
fs Taymtiin baddu yirza9 lhawn 

tavjlsuuf haJLblaad w^ixalliina nsuufu ? 
ys suu baddu yirza9 y&9mil hawn? 

lMk/biftikir Tlarru byirza9 
ft limn bitrts'ixH 19indu hawniiki Hkiilu 9anna P 




- 68 - 


3cl8 


yg Tilak 9Xayyi biHkiilu killli sailH, 
fg sulqran ya^x&wa&fa ymisif 0 
fiddayl bitlanaa havm? 
yg sli^, tlat sim&9© 
fg sarrifna 9aJlb&yfeo 
yg naxmuun 0 baSnil sahdi s\rafak 0 

Conversation 2© Yusif and Fuad later in the same ccsrversationo 
yg 9indak siigaara? ma^/li m&9i e 
f g tfagg&lo fii 9indak waX9a? 
yg taa s fli© tfac|g&1.« 

sswaagiir n&n^hswn? 

/ / / / / 
fg na9am 0 byi9mln swaagiir mniiHa hawio 

yg ma9ak Ha?T«. haydi smiiEa ktiir „ 

Ta'||a ixallitko btisuaHli? 

tTaxxart 9ajmarti 0 

fg ?a||a ikmm ma9ak 0 

tsa^affca w^ab§a^na ktiir bsawftako 

yg ?al|a yiHfafako 

ilafaf till fam© 

nsa^a baealli xayyak yirza9 isuurak© 
fo bkuxm maiotm'unak kill 9«aayle 
yg ti§baH 9a,jxayro 
fg u^?inti bkill xayr iHHa 0 


- 69 - 


3.19 


Section G Vocabulary 


tan 

ye* 

masguul 

busy 

?ayy» 

which 

mawzuud 

present 

Tibn 

son 

ma91uuf 

personal name 

?ira 

that 

ma9rfi Ft* 

(pi m9aarif) acquain¬ 
tance 

Tim 

nans 

mdiini Ft* 

(pi midnn) city 

t / v 

Tmaas 

cloth 

mi stir 

Mister 

baabuwr 

(pi bwaabiir) (steam) ship 

mittiHid 

united 

bayy 

father 

mnaaH 

(pi of mnilH) good 

ba9d 

after $ still 

nbsatna 

we became happy 

blaad F 

country 

niszaaf 

carpenter 

da'xlak 

please 

wa^a 

God willing, I hope 

fufa'ad 

personal name 

saffa Ft 

voyage, trip 

huwwi 

he 

sini Ft* 

(pi sniin) year 

Haifa Ft 

"presence" 

saaf 

it happened, became 

HwjCal 

(pi of Haal) conditions 

faflak 

it happened to you 

isaa9id 

help 

siHHa Ft 

health 

isallim 

keep safe 

v /• _ 

sapaf 

honor 

isarrif 

honor 

sukpan 

thank you 

izuuf 

visit 

taazir 

business man 

i9arrif 

cause to know, introduce 

tilmiiz 

student 

kaanit 

she was 

tsarrafha 

we*re honored 

kbiir 

(pi kbaar) large, 
old (of persons) 

ulaad 

ohildren 

kill 

all 

wilaayi Ft 

state 

kill si 

everything 

xaliil 

personal name 







” 70 - 


3 o 20 


mar& Ft* 

w©man 0 wife 

masa 

evening 

yiftikir 

(yiftkir) think 

yiSlfa| 

ke®p 0 preserve 

yii 

©acclamation of 
surprises @k 

yismaH 

smsep permit 

yisSid (^od) mate fortesn&t® 

yifbaH 

r@a©h morning 0 
become in th® 
morning 

yiitigil 

(yistgil) work 

yi^lnb 

(yu^lub) ask for 

yiSmil 

(ya9mil) d@ 0 mate 


xayr 

w@li<=>b®ing c good 

xayy 

brother 

yda 

sign of object 

yiStiVid 

(yiStfid) belies 

sgiir 

(pi saaar) small 0 
young (of persons) 

saayi 

coming 

xahd 

effort 0 power 

v y 

*ilt 

I eame p yon cam© 

EimSa Ft* 

(pi sEimaS or smaa9) 
week 

Seal 

fine p excellent 

9ayli Ft* 

(pi 9iyal ©r 9aylaa J 
family 

Sisriim 

twenty 


age 0 always p newer 



PART ONE 


- 71 - 


HIRING A MAID 


UNIT 4 


Section A 

girl 

she sits, stays 
maid 

1. Do you know a girl I could 
get for a maid? 

2* How old do you want her to be? 
between 

3* Between fifteen and twenty* 

it concerns, is important 
taught (fern) 

4* Is it important for her to be 
educated? 

English 

3* I want her to speak a little 
English. 

6. What do you want her to do? 

maids 

7. Everything maids do. 

she cooks 

8. Do you want her to know how to 
cook* too? 

necessary 

she washes 

she irons 

she cleans 

she has to know how to cook, wash 
iron, and clean house. 


Basic Sentence^ 

tfint 

bti?9ud 

^aaa9a 

bta9rifli siij>int bt£?9ud 
§a'an9a ? 

?idd^ys baddak ikuun 9um^a ? 
b£yn 

bayn lxam§$a9s Wx> 19 isriin. 

bihimm 

mit9allmi 

bihimmak tki»m mit9allmi ? 
?ingliizi 

bihirnmni t^Hki swayyit ?ingliizi 

&uu baddak yiaha ta9mil' ? 
§innaa9 

kills! bta9mil §§inn^a9. 
ti^bux 

baddak yaaha ta9rif ti^bux 7 

laazim 
tgassil 
tikwi 
tna'ggif 

laazim ta9rif ti^bux w^tgassil 
u^tikwi w^tna'^if lbayt. 




4.2 


-72- 

therefore 
it is necessary- 
larger o older 
this way 9 so 

10. Then you 0 11 need a woman older 
than that. 

I speak to you 

sound6 true 

11. To tell you the truth I don°t 
care about her age. 

under 

hand 

like her 

12. I have one (“under my hand 0 ) 
you couldnH beat. 

see for me 

news item 0 report 

give back return 

13. See her for me and let me know 
about it. 

I tell you 

now 

she 

she is satisfied 
cheap 

14 « I°ll tell you now B she won°t 
work for nothing. 


?izan or fa?izan 

byilzam 

?akba£ 

hayk 

?izan byilzamak mara ?akbaj 
min hayk. 

?iHkxilak 

§aHiiH 

ta v ?iHkiilak §§aHiiH ma^bihimmni 
O il m-p a „ 

tffet 

?iid 

mitla 

taHt ?iidi fii wiHdi ma^ii mitla 

£ifli 

xabar 

/ 

ridd 

sifli yaaha u^ridd 91 ayyi xaba£. 

?illak 

ha11a? 

hiiyi 

btir^a 

1 

rxii^ 

ta vy ?illak minjnalla? hiiyi 
ma^btipja bi^rrxii§. 


it means 

15* Well, about how much will she wait? 
certain 
expensive 

16. She'll certainly ask a lot. 

afterwards 

17. See her and then we'll talk. 

result 

18. All right, when shall I see you 
to tell you the result? 

it depends 

she 

19. It depends on when you can see her . 

most likely 
the day, today 
tomorrow 

20. Most likely I'll see her today 
or tomorrow. 

(the) noon 

office 

21. Then the day after tomorrow in the 
morning I'll see you in ny office. 

• * 


yi9ni 

yi9ni ?iddays badda ti?riiban ? 

m?akkad 

gaali 

m?akkad bti^lub gaali. 
ba9dayn 

Suufa Uv/ba9d^yn mniHki. 
natiizi 

tayyib, ?aymtiin bsuufak 
ta^?illak nnatiizi ? 

btitwa??af 

hiiyi 

btitwa??af 9a v _ / ?aymtiin fiik tsuufa 
hiiyi 

bi^l?aglab 

lya'wm 

bukfa 

bi^l?^glab bsuufa lyawm yanma 
bdkja. 

maktab 

?izan ba9d bdkja ?abl 4^ihj 
bsuufak 9indi biv^lmaktab. 


I spoke to you Hkiitillak 

about her 9^na 

22. This is the girl I spoke to you haydi lli^Hkiitillak 9ana. 

about. 


-74- 

Sit (please) 

23 „ Please have a seato 
24o What 5 s your name? 

25 o My name°s Nab^iha. 

you were (fem) 
you work (fem) 
who 

26, Who were you working for before? 
time 
I leave 

27o This will be the first time I 
leave home, 

foreigno Western 

28, Do you know how to cook Western 
style? 

29 , A little bit 0 not much. 

you learned (fem) 

30, Where did you learn that little bit? 

mother 

sitting (fem) 

people 

French 

3 I 0 From my mother? she was a servant 
in a French household, 

you straighten 

beds 

yon wipe (fem) 


'u4 

?9idu 

tfa^a^u o ?9idu. 

suu ?ismik ? 

✓ / 

?ismi nabiiha, 

kinti 

tistigli 

/ 

mi in 

9ind miin kinti tistigli ?abl ? 

/ 

mar^a 

bitjuk 

haydi ?awwil mafja bitruk bayti. 
franzi 

bta9rfi ti$bxi franzi ? 

y / /» / 

swayyi 0 mis ktiir, 

t9allamti 

wayn t9allamti ha^sswayyi ? 

/ 

?imm 

?aa9di 

naas 

frinsaawi 

/ / / / 

min ?immi, kaanit ?aa9di 9ind naas 
frinsawiiy, 

tsaawi 

firs 

/ / 
tmassHx or timsaHi 


- 75 - 


4.5 


, paving 

b^aa-£ 

32. Do you know how to make the beds 
and clean the floor? 

bt^9rfi tsaawi Ifirs w^tmassHi 
lib^aj ? 

and if 

walaw 

questions 

msaa?il 

simple, slight (fem) 

ba§£ita. 

33• What do think! These are simple 
ques tions. 

haydi msaa?il bagiita 

how many 

kam $r kim 

vacation 

f ip fa 


week 


34* How many days a week do you want 
off? 

k&n yawm fif§a b^ddik bi^zzin^a ? 

you find 

bitlaa?i 

suitable, fit 

mnaasib 

35* As many as you see fit. 

✓ ✓ ✓ 

?add ma y-/ bitlaa?i mnaasib. 

you sleep (fem) 

tnaami 

outside 

baffa 

36. Do you want to sleep outside the 
house or in the house? 

baddik tnaami ba^paat lbayt yamma 
bi^lbayt ? 

wish will 

?i|*aadi 

37- That depends on your wishes. 

hayda byirza9 l?ifaattak. 

clothing 

malbuus 

38. Who pays for your uniform - you 
or I? 

malbuusik 91ayki yamma 91ayyi ? 

it differs (fem) 

btifri? 

it suits 

binaasib 

39. It makes no difference to me - do 
whatever suits you. 

/ y / / 

ma^btifri? ma9i. 9maal lhlnaasbak 


- 76 - 


4o6 


Section B. Pronunciation 
lo The velar spirants (x 0 &j 

The consonant sounds represented in our spelling by and % are not very 
similar to any English sounds. As briefly described in the Pronunciation 
Section of Unit 1* they sound like clearing the throat and gargling* respec¬ 
tively. To make them you raise the back part of the tongue as though you 
were going to make a k (as in "kit") or g (as in "get®)* but instead of 
stopping off the air stream completely as for k and g D you just narrow the 
passage, and let the air through. In other words k is a stop and x is the 
corresponding spirantj similarly g' is a stop and g is the corresponding 
spirant. As with other speech sounds the best way to learn is to listen to 
the Guide and mimic him* practicing until you sound just like him. If you 
are listening to records 0 the x will sound more like the h than it is in 
actual speech so that you must be very careful to keep the two sounds quite 
distinct. Here are some examples of xs 


PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE ONE 


xibz 

bread 

m?axxa£ 

delayed* late 

xa^ 

line 

taaxud 

you take 

xamsi 

fine 

xayr 

we11“being 


The g sound is not very common in Arabic. So far you have met only 
three words with ff. Here are a few examples of words with g 0 


PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE TWO 


♦gada 

lunch 

digri 

straight 

*gala-| 

error 

zgiir 

small 

♦gaayib 

absent 

V /^J 

sugl 

work 


2 0 The diphthongs (ay* aw) 

The sounds represented by ay and aw in our spelling vary considerably 
from place to place in the Arab world. In general the ay is very much like 
our "ay" in "bay" and the aw is like our "ow" in "low". Here are examples. 
For the speaker on the record ay starts about like the u a" in -i had“ and ends 
something like the "ey" in "they". His aw is between the "ow" in "low" and 
the "ow" in "now". 




- 77 . 


4.7 


PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE THREE 


bayt 

house 

hawn 

here 

xayr 

well-being 

yawm 

day 

✓ ✓ 




?iddays 

how nuch 

*mawt 

death 


Notice, however, that when the y or w is doubled and followed by a 
vowel, tha preceding a has its customary value. Be careful in such, cases 
to hold the y or w for its full length. Here are examples: 


PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE FOUR 


Ja'yyib 

good 

?awwil 

first 

kwayyis 

good 

bayyun 

their father 


- 78 - 


4*8 


Section C. Analysis 

Note iul In Units 1* 2* and 3 you learned the endings °i ft -ni$ =ak 0 °kg 
=-ug =naj °kunj -un„ hun, In this Unit you learn the remaining endings of 
this kind. Study the following forms which occurred in the Basic Sentences 
of this Units 


9umra 

her age 

bsuufa 

I°ll see her 

/ 

mina 

from her 

ziiba 

bring her 


badda 

she wants 

9ana 

about her 


/ 

sinna 

her age 

fiia 

in it (fem) 


mitla 

like her 

zmaana 

her time 


niydiia 

we satisfy her 

/ 



The suffix 

for "her" is -a. 

Now study the following forms which , 

also 

occurred in the Basic Sentences of this Units 



?ismik 

yoi^r (fern) name 



baddik. 

you (fem) want 




malbuusik 

your (fem) clothing 



The suffix 

for "you* 1 a "your" 

when speaking to a girl 

or woman is ■ 

-ik. You 

now know all the suffixes. Here are several exampless 


baddi 

I want 

?iddaami 

in front of 

me 

baddak 

you want 

?iddaamak 

in front of 

you 

baddik' 

you (fem) want 

?iddaamik 

in front of 

you (fem) 

baddu 

he wants 

?iddaamu 

in front of 

him 

badda 

she wants 

?iddaama 

in front of 

her 

baddna 

we want 

?iddaamna 

in front of 

us 

baddkun 

you (pi) want 

?iddaamkun 

in front of 

you (pi) 

baddun 

they want 

?iddaamun 

in front of 

them 

Note lin2 Suffix alternants. 

As mentioned in Note 3„ 

some of the 

pronominal 

suffixes have alternant forms 

, Study the following exampless 






- 79 - 


4.9 


masaayi 

my evening 

91 ayyi 

on me 

masaak 

your evening 

91 ayk 

an you 

masaaki 

your (fem) evening 

91 ayki 

on you (fem) 


You have learned that the "you" suffix is -ak after a consonant and -k after 
a vowel. In these examples you see that the ~k alternant is also used after 
-y. Likewise the "my" and "your" (fem) suffixes have one alternant (~i, -ik) 
after a consonant, and another alternant (-yi, -ki) after a vowel or -y. 
Notice that the vowel is always doubled before the ending is added. This is 
true in generalg a word ending in a vowel doubles the vowel when any suffix 
is added. Here are further examples g 


(1) 

bi9$iik liirtayn 

I'll give you two pounds. 


bi9$iiki liirtayn 

I'll give you (fem) two pounds. 


bi9$iikun liirtayn 

I’ll give you (pi) two pounds. 

(2) 

ousa lxayr. 

Good evening! 


—yis9ud masaaki 

Good evening (in reply, to a woman) 

(3) 

bxalliik tiTiuH 

I'll let you go. 


bxalliiki tpuuHi 

I'll let you (fem) go. 


Note In previous Units you learned most of the prefixes of the Prefix 

Tense. In this Unit you learn the last one. Study these forms which 
appeared in the Basic Sentencesi 

bti?9ud she sits, stays 

tkuun she will be 

tiHki she speaks 

ti9mil she does 

ti$bux she cooks 

The prefix for "she" is ti- or t-. As you know, the prefixes for "you" 
(masculine) is also ti- or t-. This means that the second person masculine 
singular form and the third person feminine singular form of the Prefix 
Tense are always IDENTICAL. 


The following second person feminine singular forms appeared in the Basic 
Sentences g 




-80- 


4.10 


tistigli 

you 

(fem) work 

bta9rfi 

you 

(fem) know 

ti£bxi 

you 

(fem) cook 

tr^ttbi 

you 

(fem) arrange 

tnaami 

you 

(fem) sleep 


The "you" forms of the Prefix Tense used when speaking'to a girl or woman 
have the "you" masculine prefix t(i-) plus a feminine ending -i aided to the 
word. Note that the stem vowel in such forms behaves the same way it does 
in the plural forms described in Note 3*» i»e» remains 9 -i- is dropped 
and -u- may either remain or be dropped. Here are the "he"# "she" 9 and 
"you" (fem) forms of the new verbs in this Unit. You will have no trouble 
making the corresponding forms of other verbs you know. 


he , „ „ 

she 

you (fem) 

m^aing 

yi?9ud 

ti?9ud 

ti?9(u)di 

sit 0 stay 

/ 

/ 

/ 


yifri? 

tifri? 

tifr?i 

differ 

yikwi 

tikwi 

tikwi 

iron 0 press 

/ 

yilzam 

tilzam 

tilzami 

be needed t necessary for 

/ 

yimsaH 

/ 

timsaH 

timsaHi 

wipe 

yl?§a 


ti&l 

be satisfied 

yistgil 

tiitgii 

tistigli 

work 

yitjnk 

titjuk 

t&£(u)ki 

leave 

yitwa??af 

titwa??af 

titwa??fi 

depend 

yit9ellam 

tit9a!lam 

tit9allmi 

learn 

✓ 

yi$bux 

ti^bux 

ti^bxi 

cook 

yi9ni(ya-) 

ti9ni 

tl9ni 

mean 

igassil 

tgassil 

tgassli 

wash 

ihimn 

thimm 

thimmi 

be important 

imassiH 

tmassiH 

tmassHi 

wipe 



4.11 




-81- 


inaasib 

tnaasib 

tnaasbi 

suit 

inaggif 

tna^tr 

tna^fi 

clean 

iridd 

tridd 

triddi 

return, give back 

irattib 

trattib 

tr^ttbi 

arrange 


Note d.4 Study the -1- suffixes in the following forms which have 
appeared in Units 1-4. 

wa??iflkun I stop (for you) 

bta9r£fli you know (for me) 

/ 


ixalliilu may he keep (for him) 

/ 

byilzamak it is necessary for you 

/ 


?illak 


I say to you 


The suffix -1- is added to verb forms and has the meaning "to^ for." 

The pronominal suffixes -i, -ak, -ik, etc., are then added to the -1-. 
Note that although this is a verb, the "me* ending is not =ni. The -1- 
suffix is added to any verb form. You have had many examples of the -1- 
suffix on verb forms not of the Prefix Tense. For example* 


verb form verb form -1° 


V / 

ziib 

V / 

zibli 

bring me 

§aar 

|arlak 

it happened to you 

suuf 

y/ 

sifli 

see for me 

w^??if 

wa??iflna 

stop (for us) 


Notice that in the first three of these forms as well as in ?illak listed 
above a long (double) vowel before the last consonant of the verb form is 
shortened when the -1- suffix is added. There are a few verb forms after 
which tha -1- suffix has the form -ill- (as_ in Hkiitillak); these will be 
discussed in a later Unit. Here are further examples of verb forms with 
the -1- suffix. Study them carefully until you are sure you can repeat the 
sentences without hesitation and until you understand the form with the -1- 
suffix. 

1) ?aymtiin bits&li lbint ? When will you see the girl for me? 

2) btismaHli T laazim $uuH. Will you excuse me? I must go. 

3) Hkiitilla ^§aHiiH. 


I told her the truth 








4.J-2 


4) bikwiila havdi ? 

5) §§aan9a bitsaawiilak lfarsi. 

6) baddna yaaha tna££iflna Ibayt h^lla? 

7) suu bit?illu ? 

8) siflu yaaha. 

9) bta9riflu sii^bint ? 

10) bi9millu lma9juuf. 

11) bzxblak ya'aha ha 11a? ? 

12) bsiflak yaaha. 

13 ) suu baddkun ?i^bixlkun ? 

14) bi?£llak fgaEiiH. 


Shall I press this for her? 

The maid will make ycur bed for you 

We want her to clean the house for 
us now. 

What will you tell him? 

See her for him. 

Do you know a girl for him? 

I°ll do him the favor. 

Shall I bring it (fern) to you now? 

1 5 11 see her for you. 

What do you want me to cook for 
you? 


He 0 11 tell you the truth 



-33- 


4.13 


Note Ju.5 Adjectives. Certain nouns in Arabic behave in a special way and 
will be called ADJECTIVES. They correspond roughly in meaning to English 
adjectives* words like "good", “old", "cheap*, "happy", etc. Study the 
following Basic Sentences* 

1.7 kiifak ?inti ? 

1.8 niskuj ?a^a ran/iH. 

3.14 nss^a kaanit s^frtak mniiHa. 

3.13 sukjan, mniiHa ktiir. 

3.27 Hwaalu mniiHa. 

3.31 daxlak kiif ula'adu ? 

3.32 killun mnaaH. 

Notice that adjectives have a special feminine form which is used whan the 
adjective refers to a feminine noun or pronoun ( e.a. safya) or to a plural 
noun denoting inanimate things C e.g. Hwaal). They also have a plural form 
used when the adjective refers to a plural noun or pronoun denoting animate 
beings ( a.^. ulaad. killun.) 

The feminine form consists of the masculine form plus the Feminine -T 
ending. Here are examples of masculine and feminine forms of adjectives you 
have learned so far* 


Masculine 

Feminine 

Meaning 

bafiilj 

ba§ ii-|a 

simple, slight 

kbiir 

kbiiri 

large, great, old 

ktiir 

ktiiri 

much, many, frequent 

mniiH 

mniiHa 

good, well 

rxii| 

rxii§a 

cheap 

sa9iid 

sa9iidi 

happy, fortunate 

§aHiiH 

faHiiHa 

sound, strong, true 

zgiir 

zgiiri 

small, young 

v / 

saayif 

saayfi 

seeing 







?aa 9 id 

?aa 9 di 

sitting 

baa?i 

baa?yi 

staying, remaining 

gaali 

galyi 

expensive 

taani 

taanyi 

second, other 

zaayi 

zaayi 

coming 

mab£uu$ 

mabguu^a 

happy, well 

mamnuun 

mamnuuni 

grateful 

m&sguul 

masguuli 

busy 

mawzuud 

mawzuudi 

present 

V / 

ma 9 zuu 

ma 9 zuu?a 

crowded 

m?axxaj 

m?axxra 

delayed, late 

m?akkad 

m?akkdi 

certain 

mnaasib 

mnaasbi 

suitable 

mittiHid 

mittiHdi 

united 

?ingliizi 

?ingliiziyyi 

English 

franzi 

franziyyi 

foreign (Occidental) 

frinsaawi 

f 

frinsawiyyi 

French 


Notice that those with =i» before the last consonant of the word, in the 
masculine (saajrif, ?aa9i.d, mnaasib# mittiHid) drop that -i- when the 
Feminine -T ending is added (saayfi, ?aa9di, maaasbi, mittiEdi), just as the 
stem vowel «i~ of verbs is dropped when a vowel ending is added. Notice 
carefully the other changes that take place in the feminine forms 5 you will 
meet many adjectives similar to those listed above. 

There are several adjectives with irregular feminines 5 of these you have 
learned ?awwil, ?uula "first". Finally, there are several adjectives that 
have only one form which is used no matter what kind of noun or pronoun the 
adjective refers tog of these you have learned 9aal "fine". Adjectives which 
have only one form are called INVARIABLE and will be marked ( ixm) in the 
Vocabularies. 


As you have learned, the plural form of mniiH is mnaaH. Other adjectives 
of the same type as mniifi, that is with -ii- between the second and third 
consonants, regularly have this kind of plural, with -aa« between the second 
and third consonants. For examples kb^aj*, zgaay, rxaa§, etc. Adjectives 
of this kind will be marked Ad;, in the Vocabularies, indicat ing they are 
adjectives having this regular plural form. 

Most ^other adjectives have the plural ending -iin you met in mas-guuliin 
and baa?yiin. Adjectives having this plural will also be marked Adj. in the 
vocabularies, but you can tell them from the ones like mniiH because those 
all have the characteristic -ii- while these do not. 


Here are further examples of adjectives: 


1 ) byi^haj ibuu§$a m?axx£a. 

2 ) suu zaayiin ta9mlu hawn ? 

3) kill wa'aHid masguul lyawm. 

4) siHHtu mniiHa. 

3 ) ?aa» ba9rifa, bass, zgiiri. 

6 ) killun mawzuudiin. 

7 ) lwaf?a kaanit rxii§a ktiir. 

8 ) lma|9am ma9zuu?. 

9 ) ulaad xayyu kbaap. 


It seems the bus is late. 

What are you (pi) here (come) to 
do? 

Everyone is busy today. 

He’s well (his health is good). 

Yes, I know her, but she's (too) 

young. 

They're all here (present). 

The ticket was very cheap. 

The restaurant is crowded. 

His nephews (brother's boys) are 
old. 

Y/e aren't certain. 


f / 

10) niHna mis m?akkdiin. 

11) hayda xibz franzi, baddi xibz 9ayabi. This is European bread; I want 

Arabic bread. 


12 ) saa9ti m?axxfa. 

Note Study the following sentence: 

/ / * / y 
4.35 kam yawm fir§a baddik bizzim9a ? 


My watch is slow. 


How many days off do you want a 
week? 


Notice that the word kam means "how many* but, unlike English* the following 
noun is singular. The English speaker says "how many days"; the Arabic 
speaker says "how many day." Here are further examples: 


- 86 - 


1) kain xayy 9indu ? 

2) kain wap?a baddak ? 

3) kain waaHid fii bi*/lma$9aj^. 

4) kain saa9a btistigli biv/imhaaj* ? 

5) kam d?i£i?a 9ijma ? 


4 * 1 ^ 

How many brothers does he have? 

How many tickets do you want? 

How many people ("ones") are there 
in the restaurant? 

How many hours a day do you work? 

How many minutes do we have? 







-87- 


4-17 


Section D. Exercises 

1. _ Subscription sentence.su Vary the prefixes and suffixes enclosed in 
parentheses in the following Arabic sentences so as to yield further Arabic 
sentences. Make up at least t3n sentences. Say each new sentence aloud, 
write it down, and give the English equivalent. Take turns asking one 
another the meaning of the Arabic sentences you invent. 

y y / / y 

1, ?iddays badd(ak) ikiuun 9um^(a) ? 

2« suu badd(ak) yaa(ha) (t4)9mil ? 

3. badd(ak) yaa(ha) (ta)9rif (ti)|bux ? 

4* b(ta)9rf(i) (t)saawi lfirs w^(t)massH(i) lib^aat ? 

3 . b(ya)9ml(u) killsi b(yi)£lub min(un). 

2. Transformation sentences. The verbs of the following sentences are all 
in the third person. Read each sentence aloud and give the English equiva¬ 
lent, then change the third person forms first to second person masculine, 
then to sec end person feminine forms and make the necessary adjustments in 

the rest of the sentences. 

/ / ^ / / 

1. bisaawi farstu kill yawm ? 

2. suu baddu yit9allam hawniik ? 

/ v/ / / / 

3. ?aymtiin bisuufni ta^yi9£iini nnatiizi ? 

4» baddu ijuuH ma9 xayyu ? 

3„ ?iza byinzil I9^ndi bluufu. 

6. laazim yi^la9 lhawniik ta^ysuuf bayyu. 

7. ma^bya9rif yiijbux 9ajabi. 

8. ?iza tayzuuj liblaad ? 

/ / j / 

9. byiHki 9ajabi ?aktar mina. 

, / ✓ 

10. laazim yibjum bha^lmafja?. 






-88- 


4-18 


Section F. Free Conversation 

lo Interview a prospective maid.. Inquire about her age* experiences and 
competence for the job. Discuss the terms of employment 5 hours* days off 0 
pay, etc. 

\ 

2 . Interview a man applying for a job in a hotel. Make the necessary 
inquiries about his abilities,, etc. Ask him about his family <= whereabouts,, 
number of children* their ages and occupations. Settle the question of pay 
and hours„ 

3. Give a set of instructions for the day to a newly hired maid. Tell her 
when you want to eat 0 what kind of cooking you like* what cleaning should 
be done at various times during the day* etc. 

h* As an American consul investigating the receipt of pension cheeks by the 
mother of an Arabic speaking American war veteran* find out from the woman 
all relevant information about her family and status. 

5° Interview a woman who is hired as a charwoman in an American office in 
the Arab world. Explain the job to her* check cm her qualifications and 
make arrangements for the work to begin. 



Section G. 

Vocabulary 


?aa 9 id 

sitting,, staying 

?aglab 

predominant 

bi w l?aglab (or 
9 aoi?aglab) 

most likely 

?aKbaf 

large* greater 
older 

?iid F 

hand 

inaam 

sleep 

/ 

?imm F 

mother 

inaasib 

suit 

?ingliizi 

English 

ina^if 

clean 

?ifaadi Ft 

wisho will 

irattib 

arrange 

?isbuu 9 

week 

iridd 

return* give back 

?izan (or fa?izan) 

therefore 

isaawi 

straighten* equal 
fix 

bapj*a 

outside 

kam (or kirn) 

how many 

bajjaat 

outside of 

laazim 


basii| 

simpleo slight 

m?akkad 

certain 





-39- 


4.19 


bayn 

between 

maktab 

office 

ba9dayn 

afterwards, later, 
then 

malbuus 

clothing, uniform 

bait F 

girl, daughter 

majpa Ft 

time 

b^a$ 

paving 

mas^li Ft 

(pi msaa?il) question 

bukj*a 

tomorrow 

mi in 

who, whom 

ba9d bukja 

day after tomorrow 

mitl 

like 

4ii? 

noon 

mnaasib 

suitable, fit 

farsi Ft* 

(pi firs) 

bed 

naas 

people 

fiy§a Ft 

vacation, leave 

natiizi 

Ft* (pi) 

result 

frinsiawi 

French 

rxiif 

cheap 

fraizi 

Western, European, 
foreigi 

§aan9a ft* 

(pi §innaa9) maid 

gAali 

expensive 

§aHiiH 

sound, strong, true 

ha 11a? 

now 

taHt 

under 

hiyk 

like this, so 

walaw 

of course! what do 
you think 

h£iyi 

she 

xabaf 

report, news item 

iga'ssil 

wish 

yawm 

day 

/ 

concern, be of 
importance 

yi?9ud 

sit stay 

imassiH 

wipe 

yifri? 

differ 

yikwi 

iron, press 

yitruk 

leave 

/ 

yilzam 

be necessary, needed 

yitwa??af 

depend 

y^msaH 

wipe 

yit9allam 

learn 

yif^a 

be satisfied 

y£t£ux 

cook 

yitlaa?i 

find, meet 

yi9ni 

mean 

/ 

yitpak 

leave 




PART ONE 


-90- 


UNIT 3 


SHOPPING 


Section Ac 

morning 

1. Good morning „ Abu Affifo 
light 
eyes 

2 0 Good morning tt my friend 
("eyes of Abu Afiif"). 

3. Welcome, 

energy 

How are things today? 

3° They’re fine 0 thank you, 
you command 

60 What can I do for you? 
vegetables 
fresh 

7. Are these vegetables fresh? 

I put 

shop 

except 

8 , I only put fresh things in my shop 

from where 
you buy 

9° Where do you buy your vegetables? 
better 


Basic Sentences 

sabaaH 

fabaaH Ix^yr ya^bu^af iif. 
nifu^ 

9 yuun 

§abaaH nnriur ya^9yuun bu^9afiif 
?ahla u^sahla, 

f 

himmi 

/ * / 
kiif himmtak lyawm ? 

✓ f f 

Ihimmi .mniiHa 0 IHamdilla, 

f 

btiTmuy 

suu bti?mu£ ? 

✓ 

xig^a 

■fcaaga 

ha^lxi^a ^aaja ? 

bHi'tt 

dikkaani 

?illa 

majDHi^t bdikkaanti ?illa kills! 
$aaja 0 

mnayn 

btistri 

A * ^ / 

mnayn btistri xi^tak ? 

?aHsin or ?aHsan 


place 


mHall 




-91- 


5.2 


she sells 

10. At the best places that sell 
vegetables. 

price 

prices 

11. What are the prices of vegetables 
today? 


bitbii9 

✓ ✓ / / 
min ?aHsin mHallaat oi.thii9 xi^ra 

si^r 

?as9aar 

suu ?as9aa£ lxi^a lyawm ? 


12 . 


13. 

14- 

15. 


16 . 


17. 


kilo 

string beans 
vegetable marrow 
seventy 
piastre 

String beans are half a pound a 
kilo and marrow is seventy-five 
piastres. 

eggplant 

tomatoes 

Do you have eggplant and potatoes? 

We have everything. 

Which one do you want? 
pick out 
up, on top 

Pick out some good ones from up 
there for me. 

weigh 

Weigh me two kilos of eggplants, 
three of marrow, and one of tomatoes. 


kiilu 

luubyi 

kuusa 

/ 

sab 9 iin 

/ V 

?irs 

kiJLlu lluubyi bn^g^ liija wi JLkuusa 
bxamsi u v sab 9 iin ?irs. 


batnzaan 

bamaduuja 

9 indak batnzaan u^banadiluja ? 


/ y ^ ✓ 

kills! mawzuud. 

min ?ayyaahun baddak ? 

na??i 


faw? 

na??iili swayyi min^aw? ikuunu 
mnaaH. 

ziin 

/ / / y / 

zinli tnayn kiilu batnzaan 

/ / / / 

wi^tlaati kuusa u^kiilu banaduufa. 


things 


18 


-92- 

Do you have something to put the 
things in? 

basket 

heavy 

19 * I have this basket but it's (too) 
heavy. 

take 

light 

20. All right„ leave it here and take 
something light. 

bag 

21. Take this bag. 

I send 

22. Tomorrow I'll send the maid to you 
to buy fruit. 

you want 

23 . What fruit do you want? 

("What is the fruit that you want?") 

I order 

24« So I can order it for you today, 
melon 
bananas 

23 . I want five kilos of melon, four 
of bananas, and two of apples. 

you pay 

26. Do you want to pay for them now? 
register 

27* No, charge them. 


5,3 

ma 9 ak sii ta^tHi^ fii ligpiag ? 

salli 

t?£il 

ma 9 i ha^ssalli bass t?iili. 

xuud 

xafiif 

^ayjrib xalliia hawn u^xuud sii 
xafiif. 

kiis 

xuud ha v lkiis. 

?ib 9 at 

bukpa b^ddi ?ib 9 at §§aan 9 a I 9 indak 
ta^ti^tri fwaaki. 

bitriid 

suu lifwaaki lbitriida ? 

✓ 

waf^i 

ta^a^iilak 91 a'ya mn lyarai. 

ba^iix 

mawz 

baddi xamsi kiilu ba^^iix u^?arb 9 a 
mawz wi^tnayn tiffaaH. 

tidfa 9 

baddak tidfa 9 Ha??un halla? ? 
?ayyid 

la'"?, ?ayyidun. 


-93- 5-4 


Eleven. 

H£a9s 

Twelve 

$na9s 

Thirteen 

tia$a9s 

Fourteen 

?arb9£a9s 

Fifteen 

xam§$a9s 

Sixteen 

sitta9s 

Seventeen 

sab9^a9s 

Eighteen 

tmin^a9s 

Nineteen 

tis9$a9s 

Twenty- 

V / 

9isriin 

Thirty 

tlaatiin 

Forty 

?arb9iin 

Fifty 

/ 

xamsiin 

Sixty 

sittiin 

Seventy 

/ 

sab9iin 

Eighty 

/ ✓ 
tmaanyiin or tmaaniin 

Ninety 

tis9iin 

Uncle (father's brother) 

9amm 

Hello (uncle).' 

majHaba yaj^amm. 

uqiya (—200 g) 

?u?iiyi 

stuffing 

miHsi or maHsi 

I want an uqiya of meat for stuffing. 

baddi ?u?iiyit laHrni lilmiHsi 

shank strips 

mawzaat 

soup 

saw^ba 


/ / / / 


31. Can-you give me an uqiya and a half fiik ti9£iini ?u?iiyi u^i^ 

of soup meat? mawzaat li&saw^ba ? 


-94- 

32. Yes, sir. 
bone 

33* Please put a few bones with 
it ("them"). 

remove, set aside 

Thursday 

piece 

steak 

34. Put aside a piece of meat for 
steaks next Thursday. 

cows 

sheep 

35« Do you want beef or lamb? 
you (pi) 

Americans 

36. You (the) Americans like beef, 
we prefer 

37. We prefer lamb here. 

38. Sunday 
Monday 
Tuesday 
Wednesday 
Thursday 
Friday 
Saturday 


5.5 


tik^am 

9a£mi 

9maal ma9^uuf Hi ma9un 
sii^kam 9a'£mi. 

V/ 

Sill 

xamiis 


sa?fi 


biftaak 

silli xamiis zzaayi sa?fit laHm 
lilbiftaak. 

ba?a£ 

ganim 


baddak laHm ba?a£ yawma laHm ganim? 

?intu 

?amarkaan 

?intu l?amarkaan bitHibbu laHm 
lba?aj*. 

minfa^il 

/ ^ X 

niHna hawn minfa^il laHm lga'nim. 
lHadd 


ttnayn 

ttlaata 

l?irb9a 

/ 

lxamiis 

V // 

zzim9a 

ssabt 


- 95 - 


5.6 


Section 3. Pronunciation 


1. Light and heavy consonants (t, d, s, 1, r; <J, £, £, etc.) 

As you have learned, in Arabic most consonants come in pairs, light 
and heavy. The heavy (hooked letter) sounds, as you remember, are lowering 
in pitch and usually have a characteristic "hollow" sound. The nearest 
parallel in English is the pair of sounds spelled "1". For example, the 1 
of "Bill" is quite different from the 1 of "Billy". The 1 sound of "Bill* 
is similar to the Arabic heavy 1 (e.g. ?aj^a "God") and the 1 sound of 
■Billy" is similar to the Arabic light 1 (e.g. salli "basket"). Try to say 
the two English 1 sounds by themselves. Notice that the 1 of "Bill" sounds 
e. little as though you were saying a "oo" or "w" at the same time; this is 
characteristic of most heavy consonants in Arabic. It is the result of 
raising the back part of the tongue while you are making the consonant sound: 
while the tip of your tongue is making the necessary stoppage or narrowing 
of the air passage to produce the consonant, the back of the tongue rises 
too, add ing this "u-coloring" to the sound produced. This action of the 
tongue and the resulting timbre of -the voice often carries over into the 
vowel preceding or following a heavy consonant and modifies the sound of the 
vowel as well. 

Here are pairs of words with light and heavy consonants; only t, d, s, 
r# and 1 examples are listed here; other light-heavy pairs are discussed 

in Unit 10. 


PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE ONE 


*+iin 

figs 

taalit 

third 

•fi'in 

clay 

|aali9 

going up 

*raazi9 

returning ... 

♦zaari 

running 

♦jaazio 

repeat 

♦zaapi 

my neighbor 

♦seam 

personal name 

♦tisbaH 

you swim 

♦saarn 

frosted 

ti§baH 

you reach morning 

♦daab 

melted 

♦nbiid 

wine 

*gaa9 

got lost 

*bii£ 

white (pi) 

♦da'll 

directed 

♦ballas 

began 


stayed 

*?a^^a 

God 




-96- 5.7 

Note 5.1 Roots , . Study the following groups of words you have learned? 


isaJJLmak 

B. ^arrfak 

V 1 

C. tsaj^yafna 

D. mabsuut 

salaami 

bya9rif 

ytV * - 

s£a^af 

nb^atna 


ma9rfi 

sagfifna 


t?axxart 

/ 

F. xabbirna 



m?axxa£ 

xabar 




Arabic words* as you have learned* often have prefixes and suffixes. The 
rest of the word 0 the STEM 0 may also be analyzed. The words in each group 
above have three consonants in common* e.g. . 9* r* f in 9aj^fak 0 bya9rif* 
ma9rfi. Notice also that all the words in each group have a certain meaning 
in common. Thus 0 all the words whose stem contains 9 0 r a f have something 
to do with "knowing"? 9aj£fak "I cause you to know" 0 bya^rif "he knows"* 
m&9rfi "knowledge* acquaintance". This structure is characteristic of 
Arabic words. Most words in the language have a nucleus of this kind* 
usually consisting of three consonants-* which has a fairly definite meaning. 
Such a nucleus will be called a ROOT and will be abbreviatedHere are 
the roots and their meanings for the groups above? 


A. 

Vslm 

surrender* peace* safety 

E. V?xr delay 

B. 

V^rf 

knowing 

F. +f xb£ news 

C. 

V§£f 

honor 


D. 

Vb|^ 

happiness 



Note 5* 2 - Separate Personal Pronouns. You have learned the personal pronoun 
endings -jL.* °ak* “U* etc. From time to time you have also learned personal 
pronouns which are used separately as full words. Study the following 
expressions which have occurred in the Basic Sentences of Units 1=5* 


2.13 

u. ,?ana kamaan. 

I, do too. 

2.30 

/ / y 

nigna baa?yiin hawn ... 

We°re staying here ... 

3.46 

/ / 
u.v?inti bxayr. 

And to you (response to formula). 

3*25 

huwwi taazir ?maas ? 

Is he a cloth dealer? 

4*4Q 

?ana ma^btifri? ma^l. 

It makes no difference to me. 

1.7 

kiifak ?inti ? 

How are you? 

5*34 

/ / / y 

?jntu l?amarkaan bitHibbu laHm 
brf?ar. 

You Americans like beef. 








5,8 


- 97 - 

5*35 niHna hawn minfa££il laHm ganinu We here prefer lamb. 
Here is the complete list: 


?ana 

I 

niHna 

we 

?inti or ?int 
or ?inta 


?intu 

you (pi) 

?inti 

you (fem) 

hinni 

they 

huwwi 

he 



hiyyi 

she 




Notice that in sane areas there are separate words for "you* masculine and 
•you" feminine, while in other areas ?inti is used for both. 


Notice that these separate personal pronouns are used in two different ways. 
They are used independently as in the first four sentences above and they 
are used to emphasize a personal pronoun ending, a prefix of the Prefix Tense 
as in the remaining sentences. Here are further examples of both uses. 


1 . 


?ana nizzaar. 


I'm a carpenter. 


2* huwwi mawzuud halla? ? 


Is he here now? 


3. hinni mnayn ? 

4* suu badkun ?intu ? 
3. hiyyi ?aa9di 9indun. 


Where are they from? 
What do you (pi) want? 
She's staying with them. 


Note 5.3. Study the following sentences paying special attention to the 
form of the underlined nouns. 


5.34 

?intu l?amarkaan bitHibbu latyn 
lba?a{*. 

You Americans like beef. 

5,21 

b£ddi ?u?iiyit laHni liJLmiHsi. 

I want an uqjuja of meat for 
stuffing. 

5-20 

xuud kiis waj^a?. 

Take a paper bag. 

2-5 

dtiina war?t^vn. 

Give us two tickets. 


Notice that l^Hm and wa'ja? denote "meat" (in general) and "paper" (in general) 
respectively and that the corresponding F e m i nine-T nouns laEmi and wapi? 
denote "(a specific quantity of) meat" and "(a single piece of) paper". 






- 98 - 


5-9 


In English every noun is either singular or plural (e.g. f books books, 
roans men) and any given noun has at most these two forms, although..a few 
nouns are only plural (e.g., scissors, oats) and a very few are only singu¬ 
lar. Some singular nouns have two plurals (e.g. brothers brotherss brethren). 

In Arabic the situation is quite different. There are various types 
of singular - plural combinations. Here are some you have met withs 


(1) HaalsHwaal 

(2) s^a9assaa9aat 

(3) d?ii?asd?aayi? 

(4) sallisslaal or sa'llaat 

(5) ronllHsmniiHasmnaaH 

( 6) wa j*a ? s wa j*?a ? waj°?aa t p 
uyaa? 


masculine singular with corresponding plural. 

regular Ft and plural 

Ft* with irregular plural 

Ft* with alternative plural forms. 

Adj. with corresponding fern, and pi. 

masculine singular with collective meaning and 
Feminine -T -noun singular- and plural. 


Nouns of this last type are called COLLECTIVES and will be entered in the 
Vocabularies under the masculine singular form marked ( coll) . Irregular 
plurals of the Feminine-T noun will be given. guiar 


A much rarer type is the feminine collective, marked F( eo3.1 ) g 

(7) kuusa skuusa'ayi skuusaayaat where kuusa denotes vegetable marrow in 

general and the Ft noun kuusaayi denotes an 
individual 


Here are further examples of ( coll ) nouns? 

ba?aj "cattle"s ba?ya "cow"? ba?ja'at "cows" 

batnzaan "eggplant" (in general)? batnzaani "eggplant«s 
batnzaanaat "eggplants" 

ba^iix "melons" (in general), ba^iixa "a melon", ba^fixa'at "melons" 

da'pai "stairs", da'ri "step", dar&at, dj-aaz "steps" 

mewz "bananas" (in general)? mawzi "banana"? mawzaat "bananas" 

safa^ "travelling"? sa£ra "trip"? safjaat "trips" 

tiffa'afl "apples" (in general), tiffaaHa "apple", tiffaaHaat "apples" 



- 99 - 


5-10 


Here is another example of a F(.coll) noun: 

banaduuja "tomatoes (in general): banaduu^aayi "tomato": banadnnpaayaat 

"tomatoes" 

Here are sample sentences containing collectives: 

1) bitHibbi lba£$iix ? Do you (fem) like melons? 

2) ma^fii yinna waja?. We have no paper. 

3) byaaklu laHm ba?aj* ktiir. They eat beef a lot. 

4) ha^lba$$iixa mis ^ayybi. This melon is no good. 

5) kam waf?a bitriid ? How many tickets do you want? 

6) bti9$iini xams mawzaat bniff liira ? Will you give me five bananas for 

half a pound? 


7) lwa|*a? ga'ali hawn. 

8) fii dajaz bapjaat lbayt. 

9) kam darzi fii ? 

10) ma^byaaklu tiffaaHaatu. 


Paper is expensive here. 

There are steps outside the house. 
How many steps are there? 

They don't eat his apples. 


Note 5^4 nommand forms. Study the following command forms of verbs which 
have occurred in the Basic Sentences of Units 1-5: 


9iid 


repeat 

xabbima 

notify us 

dillni 


direct me 

ridd 

give back 

safjafna 


honor us 

Hitt 

put 

xalliina 


let us, leave us 

?ayyidun 

charge them 

wa??iflna 


stop for us 

na??iili 

choose for me 

suufa 


see her 



When the stem of the verb (e.g. -nzil, -9^i. -wa??if,. etc. ...see Note 
begins with a single consonant followed by a vowel the command form j 
verb consists of the stem itself with no prefixes or suffixes.. Here 
further examples: 

d&l 


directi 

9iid 

repeat! 

Hitt 


put l 

ziib 

bring.' 






-100- 


5.ii 


Hibb 

loveS 

ziin 

weighs 

ridd 

give back. 0 

siil 

remove S 

suuf 

see." 

naam 

sleep 

?uul 

say," 

sa'jpif 

honors 

fuuH 

go 

wa??if 

stop." 

bii9 

selli 

xabbir 

notify2 

?ayyid 

register." 

saawi 

straightens 

xalli 

Iet5 

9appif 

introduces 

waddi 

takes 

massiH 

wipe? 

saa9id 

help 

s^llim 

keep safeS greet 

gassil 

wa shl 

na^if 

clean 2 

Now study these 

forms which you met 

in Unit Is 


Hki 

speaks 



9$iini 

give me 2 




likewise when the stem consists of two consonants plus vowel ( e.g. =Hki 0 »9ti 9 
~kwi 0 -p|a) the command form is identical with the stem 0 

Now study the following formss 

bplum turn I 

9maal or 9muul do make? 

The command form of verbs of this kind varies considerably depending on the 
place the speaker comes from. One very common type has a long (double) 
vowel between the second and third consonants. Some areas use ~aa- in all 
verbs of this kind,, some areas have °aa= in some and =uu~ in others„ and 
other areas have <=ii° or other vowels in this position. 

The forms tfa^alu- ?9idu appeared in the Basic Sentences of this Unit 0 The 
suffixes =i and =u for feminine and plural respectively are added to command 
forms just as they are to the second person form of the Prefix Tense. These 
suffixes are added to the regular stem of the verb. Here are examples of 
verbs you knows 




-101- 


5.12 


ridd 

riddi 

riddu 

give back 

Tuul 

?uuli 

?uulu 

say 

nzaal 

nzili 

nzilu 

go down, get off 

■$laa9 

$l®9i 

51<9u 

go up, get cm 

wa??if 

wa??f i 

wa??fu 

stop 

massiH 

massHi 

massHu 

wipe 

na££if 

na^fi 

na§l$fu 

clean 

?9uud 

?9idi 

?9idu 

sit 


Here are sample sentences containing 

1) fuuHi 9a v/ ddikkaanL. 

2) ?uulu §§aHii&. 

3) sdawu farstaj ?abl ma^ruuH. 

4) tfa££a^ ya^xawaaza ?9uud. 

3) juuH zibli swagiir. 

6) nzilu ma9na. 

7) massHi lib^aat ?abl ma^?irza9. 

8) 9maal ma9juuf ziin mniiH. 


command forms. 

Go (fem) to the store. 

Tell (pi) the truth. 

Make your bed before you go.^ 
Please be seated, sir. 

Go get me cigarettes. 

Go down with us. 

Wipe the floor before I coma back. 
Please weigh rightl 




- 102 - 

Section G„ Vocabulary 


?ahla 2 ?ahla u^sahla 

welcome 

kiis 

bag 

?aHsin or ?aHsan 

better,, best 

kuusa 

vegetable marrow 

?amarkaan 

Americans 

laHm (coll) 

meat 

?a?b9^a9s 

fourteen 

luubyi 

string beans 

?intu 

you (pi) 

mawz (coll) 

bananas 

✓ / 

?i^b9a or ?arb9a 

Wednesday 

mHall 

(pi mEallaat) 

place 

?u?iyyi Ft* (j^l waa?) 

uq.iya 

(200 g) 

miHsi 

stuffed dish 

ba?aj (coll) 

cows j cattle 

nuuf 

light 

banaduuja 

tomatoes 

sabt 

Saturday 

batnzaan (coll) 

eggplant 

✓ 

sab9iin 

seventy 

ba^Jiix (coll) 

melon 

sab9|a9s 

seventeen 

ganim 

sheep 

sahla see ?ahla 


Sfaaf 

things 

salli Ft* 

basket 



(jdI slaal or sallaat) 

himmi Ft* 

(pi rares himam) 

energy 

sittiin 

sixty 

Hadd 

Sunday 

sitta9s 

sixteen 

✓ >/ 

H£a9s 

eleven 

si9r 

(pi ?as9aaj”) 

price 

i?ayyid 

register,, 
charge to 

gabaaH 

morning 

someone 

°s account 

sa?fi^Ft* ^ piece 

(pl si?af or sa?faat) 

ibii9 

sell 

sawjba or suuj'ba 

soup 

ifag^il 

prefer 

t?iil Adj o 

heavy- 

iHi^ . 

put 

tiffaaH (coll) 

apples 

in^??i 

choose 

/ 

tikpim 

at your service„ 
yes„ sir 




- 103 - 


iriid 

want 

tis9iin 

ninety 

/* 

isiil 

remove, set 
aside 

tis9$a9s 

nineteen 

v 

iwa§§i 

order 

tlaata 

Tuesday 

iziin 

weigh 

tmin$a9£ 

eighteen 

kiilu 

(pi rare? kiiluwaat) 

kilogram 

tmaan(y)£in 

eighty 

tnayn 

Monday 

£aaza ( iqv.) 

fresh 

/ * 

$na9s 

twelve 

xafiif Adj. 

light 

/ 

xainiis 

Thursday 

xamsiin 

fifty 

acam§^a9s 

fifteen 

xi^ja Ft 

vegetables 

xuud 

take 

y£b9at 

send 

yidfa9 

pay 

yistri 

buy 

zim9a Ft 

Friday 





6.14 



Section F. Cumulative Vocabulary Units 1-6 

This vocabulary contains all the Arabic words 0 as well as all the 
prefixes and suffixes» found in Units 1-6. Verbs are entered under the 
third person masculine sin^ilar of the Prefix Tense. Unless otherwise 
indicated, pronominal suffix or object noun after the Arabic, verb correspond 
to pronoun or noun object in English without preposition and the -1- suffix 
means "for " 0 e.g. na^if Ibayt "clean the room" s na^ifli lbayt "clean the 
room for me". In a number of cases D noun plurals have been given which have 
not appeared in Units 1-5 • These are for your convenient reference 0 and it 
is not intended that you memorize them from this list. The following 
abbreviations are used g 

adj adjective 9 i.e. a noun having feminine and plural forms 

of one of the following three types % 

X* ill jU y '•-•acm y / '. 

( 1 ) masguuls masguuli a masguuliin "busy" 

( 2 ) gaaly a gaali or gaali fl ‘gaaly.iin "expensive" 

(3) mniiH 0 mniiHa 0 mnaaH "good" 

X , slilY I 

alt alternant 

coll collective 

F femininej Ft Feminine-t noun, Ft* Feminine-t noun with 

some irregularity of form. 

fla formula 


inv 

M 

pl 

R 

sg 

suff 


A/ 

T 


invariableo having no change of form 
masculine j. Mt Masculine^t noun 
plural 

response 5 ech R echoic response 
singular 

the pronominal ^suffixes ,(-i and -ni a «ak 0 -ik„ etcj 

after an item indicates it is a prefix (e.g. bi=)g 
before an item indicates it is a suffix (e.g. -na) 

same as main entry 

root 





6.15 


?- ( alt ?i-, zero; see Note 2.5 ) 
yes 


-105- 


✓ 

?aa 


?aa9id (adj.) sitting, staying 

?abl before 

?abl ma^ before (with verb) 

?aglab more likely 

bi^l?aglab or 9a^l?aglab most likely, probably 
?ahla 

?ahla^w^sahla or ?ahlan u^sahlan (fla) welcome (R: ^ fiik) 

?ahwi (Ft*; jdI ?haawi "coffee house"; ?ahwi "coffee" no pi ) coffee 

coffee house 

?aHad ( see Hadd) Sunday 

?aHsan or ?aHsin better 

?akbaj larger, older 

?a^a God 

?a^a ikuun ma9ak (fla) God be with you (greeting) R: ?a^« yiHfa^ak 
?a^a isallmak (fla) God save you (ech Rto» %/slm) 

?a^a ixalliik (fla) God keep you, God let you live 
?aj^.a ma"9ak (fla) God be with you (farewell) 

?a'^a yiHfajak (fla) God preserve you (Rto: ?a^a (ikuun ma9ak) 
lHaindilla Praise be to God 

nilkur ?a^^a Thank God 

nsa^a God willing, I hope (said with reference to unknown, esp. future 

circumstance) 

wa^a indeed 

?amarkaan or ?amirkaan Americans 
?arb9a or_ ?ij*b9a (Ft) 


Wednesday 




6.16 


?aj*b9 a (Ft*) 

t 'f 

?afb9|a9s 

?ajb9iin 

?awwil or ?awwal (F ?uula) 
?ayya or ?ayy 
?ayyaahun 

?ibn ( no pis see walad) 

/ 

?iddaam 

/ / / (**** yv«) 

?xddays or ?addays 


- 106 - 

four 

fourteen 

* ' Hi T< 1 

forty 
first 

whicho which one 
which one of them 
son 

in front (of) 
how much, how long 
hand 

verb suffix 4° or -ill-) 
The honor is mine. 

I tell you„ I promise you 
He 0 11 get (,to) there. 

I spoke to you. 

mother 

English 


?iid (.F) (pi ?iidavn or ?ayaadi) 
/ 

?il ( noun prefixg 1- or li°; 
ssapaf ?ili. 

?ilak 91 ayyi 
byuugaj Ihawniik. 
flkiitillak 

?imm (F) (pi ?imm / aat) 

/ 

?ingliizi 








to 0 for 


?inn 

bi9ti?id ?£nnu taazir 


that 

I think (that) he's a ousinessman. 


?int or ?inte or ?inti (M sg) 

?inti (F sg) you 

?intu (pi) you 

?iraadi (Ft? no plj 

?ijb9a (see ?arb9a) 

?ism (pi ?asaami) 

/ ✓ 

?izan or fa?izan 

?izit (see yizi) 


you 


wish will 

name 

then fl therefore 
she came 





6.17 


/ / -107- 

?maas cloth 

?|uus ( see ?irs) 

?uula ( see ?awwil) 

-ak (after vowel -k) you, your (M sg) 

b- (alt bi-, m-, mi-, > (verb^prefixj see ncfi&e 2s.fi) 
b- (alt bi- before two consonants') in, by 
ba?ar ( coll: sp. ba^ra Ft "cow") cattle 


z y 

laHm ba?aj 

beef 

baa?i (ptc) 

remaining, staying 

baab (pi bwaab) 

door 

baab driis (place name) 

Bab Idris 

baabuuj* (jdI bwaabiir) 

boat, steamship 

badd- 

desire^ want 

banaduuja (F coll; sg banadujaayi Ft) tomatoes 

ba^ja (Ft no pi) 

outside 

barraat- 

outside (of) 

ba^iit (ad.i: no pi) 

simple,. slight, elementary 

batnzaan (coll) 

eggplants 

bajaa^a (F inv) 

potatoes 

ba^iix (coll) 

watermelons 

/ 

bayn 

between 

bayt (j>1 byuut) 

house 

bayt mayy 

toilet 

bayy (pi bayyaat) 

father 

ba9d 

after 

ba9dayn 

afterwards, later, then 

ba9d ma^/ 

after (with verb) 









PART CUE -108- UNIT 6 

REVIEW 

This Unit will furnish you with a thorough review of the work you have 
done so far, and enable you to test your understanding, of the material you 
have studied. If you can work out all the problems in this Unit without 
getting stuck, and if your answers are mostly correct 0 you may assume that you 
have really mastered the first five .Units, But if yon have trouble, or if 
your answers turn out mostly wrong, you need more practice on the Units of 
Part One before going on to new material. 

In this Unit, whenever you are called on to do any talking in Arabic, 
pay close attention to your pronunciation.. Let the Guide act as critic of 
everything you say; if you have no Guide., the group as a whole should, correct 
each man's mistakes. Go back to the phonograph records for authority when¬ 
ever you are in doubt. 


Section A^ True-False Test 

The purpose of this test is not to give you a grade an.your work, but 
to let you see for yourself how well you can understand Arabic when you have 
no spelling to follow with your eye. 

Each member of the group should take a sheet of paper and write down 
along the side the numbers from 1 through 32. Then the Guide or the speaker 
on the phonograph records will say thirty-two statements in Arabic. Each 
statement will be spoken twice, with a pause after it; and each statement 
will be identified by its number. When you hear a statement, decide whether 
it is usually true or usually false. Don't go into particular cases’, but 
simply decide whether it is ORDINARILY true or false. If it is true, write 
down a capital T after the number corresponding to the statement; if it is 
false, write down a capital F. If you understand the Arabic, you will have 
no trouble in deciding which letter to write. 

After the first statement, the Leader will stop the Guide, or lift the 
needle from the phonograph record, and ask whether everyone understands what 
he is supposed to do. From that point on to the end of the test, there should 
be no interruptions. 

After you have finished the test,, the Leader will go through it with you 
and give you the answers. If you got 25 or more of the answers right, you 
have dona well. If*you got less than 25, you need more practice in listening 
to spoken Arabic. 



-109- 


6.2 


Section D. Exercises 


1. Word. Review 

These two exercises will give you a chance to test your understanding of 
the words you have learned. You should prepare each exercise by yourself, 
reading over the instructions and working out the answers alone. When all 
members of the group have done this,, the group should assemble under the 
Leader's direction to check up on the results. The Leader will take up one 
question at a time, and call on various members of the group to give their 
answers. As each man calls out his answer, the others should compare it with 
their own results, and should supply whatever corrections or criticisms are 
necessary. If there is any doubt about the answer to a particular problem, 
the Guide can act as judge, or the Leader can look it up in the Guide's 
Manual. 

(a) Here are twelve groups of words. In each group, there is one word 
whose meaning does not fit in with the meaning of the other four. First 
decide which word should be crossed out in each group. Then make up a simple 
Arabic sentence in which the other four words can be used interchangeably. 
For instance, if the four words that belong together are mawr, tiffaaH, 
ba^iix, and tiin, you can make up the sentence nna'as hewniiki byaaklu mdwz 
(or tiffaaH, or ba^iix or tiin) ktiir. 

This will give you forty-eight sentences in all; practice them to yourself 
out loud, and be ready to rattle them off when the Leader calls an. you. 


(a) 

mHat$a 

2 . (a) 

nizzaaj 

3. 

(a) 

samak 

00 

saa9a 

(b) 

tilmiiz 


(b) 

ldHmi 

(c) 

?utaal 

(c) 

buuf^a 


(c) 

ba'ab 

(d) 

siinama 

(d) 

taa^ir 


(d) 

rizz 

(e) 

m^t 9 am 

(e) 

§aan 9 a 


(e) 

banadiluya 

(a) 

?iddaam 

5* (a) 

binayaat 

(u 

(a) 

kiifak ? 

00 

xalf 

(b) 

ulaad 


(b) 

kiif giHHtak ? 

(c) 

taHt 

(c) 

ndas 


(c) 

kiif xi<J?tak ? 

(d) 

faw? 

(d) 

xawaiaat 


(d) 

ki'if Haalak ? 

(e) 

/ 

mniiH 

(e) 

bnaat 


(a) 

kiif hiimtak ? 





-110- 


6.3 


(a) 

/ 

niHna 

8 . (a) 

buiqra 

9 . (a) 

masa 

(b) 

byuusal 

(b) 

kbiir 

(b) 

yawm 

(c) 

hiyyi 

(c) 

zgiir 

(c) 

nhaar 

(d) 

?inti 

(d) 

t?iil 

(d) 

§abaaH 

(e) 

?ana 

(e) 

xafiif 

(e) 

salaami 

(a) 

bayyi 

11 . (a) 

byirza9 

12 . (a) 

maSguul 

(b) 

swayyi 

(b) 

bijifuH 

(b) 

ma9zuu? 

(c) 

mapti 

(c) 

byitpik 

(c) 

m?axxaf 

(d) 

xayyi 

(d) 

biija 

(d) 

mnaasib 

(e) 

?ibni 

(e) 

byi^i 

(e) 

wa^a? 


(b) Here are two groups of words fifteen in each group. For every word in 
Group 1, there is a word in Group 2 that has an exactly opposite meaning. 
First match up the opposites. When you have done this, make up a sentence in 
Arabic for each pair of opposite words, in such a way that either of the two 
words could be used in the sentence. For instance, if the opposite words are 
?iddaam and xalf, you can make up the sentence fii siinama mniiHa ?iddaam 
( or xalf) limH^^a. This will give you thirty sentences in all; practice 
them to yourself out loud, and be ready to rattle them off when the Leader 
calls on you. 



GROUP 

I 



GROUP 

II 


(a) 

gaali 

(i) 

•/ / 
smaal 

(a) 

ba9d 

(i) 

f 

rxiif 

(b) 

t?iil 

' (j) 

hawn 

(b) 

/ 

hawniik 

U) 

n* 

(c) 

?abl 

(k) 

J 

byinzil 

(c) 

bibii9 

(k) 

?ixnm 

(d) 

ktiir 

(1) 

bayy 

(d) 

zgiir 

(1) 

byi^la9 

(e) 

faw? 

(m) 

kbiir 

(e) 

✓ 

xafiif 

On) 

taHt 

W 

9 aj-abi 

(n) 

xuud 

(f) 

V ' 

swayyi 

(n) 

byaakul 

(g) 

?iddaam 



(g) 

/ 

yamiin 



(b) 

byistiPi 



(b) 

franzi 






-111- 


6*4 

.2:_Transfo rmation sentences . Following the usual procedure, change the 

sentences of group I from "he" to "they"; sentences of group II to you (fem) 
and you (pl)j group III "we" to."I". 

GROUP I 

( 1 ) laazim yaaknl ?abl ma yitruk lbayt. 

( 2 ) baddu yistgil bbaytu. 

(3) ma^bya^rif yikwi mniiH. 

(4) bibii 9 swaagiir bdikkaantu. 

( 3 ) zaayi ta^yzuu^ liblaad. 

( 6 ) bixalli ulaadu hefwn. 

(7) bya 9 mil kills! bi^lub minnu. 

( 8 ) bydakul ?aktap min ?ibnu. 

( 9 ) oaa?i hawn ta^ysuuf ligjaa£. 

( 10 ) huwwi masguul bilmaktab. 

GROUP II 

(1) btiHki frinsaawi mniiH. 

( 2 ) bti^lub minna ktiir. 

( 3 ) wa??if ?abl ma^btuu§a^ lhawniiki. 

( 4 ) sifli yaaha u^ridd 91 ayyi xa'bar. 

(3) lwayn baddak tfuuH ? 

( 6 ) bitHibb tistiri lfwaaki baj-jaat limdiini ? 

( 7 ) kiifak u kiif ulaadak ? 

( 8 ) 9 muul ma 9 fuuf £laa 9 Ifaw?. 

( 9 ) baddak t?illi killsi ? 

( 10 ) xabbirni ?abl ma^t^uuH. 





- 112 - 


8 «4a 


GROUP III 

(1) mni^triri xijlj'itna min 9indu c 

(2) ?iza ma^minHibbu mnaaxud g'ayruo 

(3) xalliina nirza9 19indun 0 

(4) mindillun killun 9a^l?utayl* 

(5) mnaaxdak ma9na ?iza bitriido 

(6) ziblna yaaha ta w nsuufa 0 

(7) mna9mil kill zihdnao 

(8) baddna nsuuru ba9dayn<> 

(9) niHna minfa^il laHm lba?ar„ 

(10) ?iza ma^fhimtna mn9iid kills! 0 





4. Substitution Sentences 
(1) laazim naakul swayy 
nsaawi lfirs 
nma'ssiH lib^fa£ 


-113- 


?abl ma^ 


nijla9. 

njuuH 9assiinama. 
nitfuk lbayt. 


$V6 


ba'ddi 

suuf 

a ?abl $$i1i£ bil 

ma'ktab 

/ 




bHibb 


u 

mdlmi 

briid 


ak 

mHa'^a 



ik 

ma"t9am 



kun 

?utayl 

• .v A 



un 



5- Number Review (a) Read off the following numbers in Arabic, first 
going horizontally left to right, then vertically top to bottom* or other 
ways until you can rattle off the numbers with no hesitation. 


64 

21 

37 

58 

16 

2 

49 

73 

95 

80 

57 

13 

5 

92 

41 

69 

86 

20 

74 

38 

35 

62 

56 

24 

97 

10 



m? 

3 

12 

77 

68 

83 

25 

39 

50 

1 

46 

94 

40 

55 

22 

17 

64 

98 

4 

36 

31 

79 

8 

96 

43 

75 

32 

84 

27 

59 

60 

11 

91 

88 

64 

30 

54 

26 

42 

14 

7 

52 

83 

49 

70 

69 

9 

33 

15 

54 

28 

47 

29 

100 

19 

41 

78 

51 

33 

8 

99 

66 

76 

34 

91 

6 

0 

47 

68 

65 

18 

23 


(b) Practice counting from 2 to 100 by two's and from 1 to 99 by two's, 
then from 3 to 100 and from 100 to 3 by two's, and so on* until you have 
no hesitation using these numbers for counting. 










Arithmetic 

(c) Read the following additions in Arabics 

1 . 13 t 7 » 20 

2 . 5 + 5-10 

3« 3+6=9 

4o 14 f 4 '* IQ 
5 „ 21 + 5 * 26 
6 „ 9 + & s 15 

7 . 1 + 2 + 3 S 6 

8 . 7 + 7 + 2 s 16 

9 . 8 + 12 • 20 

10 . 30 + 50 = 80 

(d) Read the following questions and answer thems 

lo 3 + 3 s ? 

2 . 2 + 7 a ? 

3« 6 + 4 s ? 

4. 20 + 30 « ? 

5 . 60 + 30 = ? 

6 . 45 + 45 8 ? 

7c 819 s? 

8 . 25 + 25 = ? 

9 . 80 + 15 • ? 

10 . 10 + 15 - ? 

6 . Questions and Answers . 

/>//'/ / 

( 1 ) ?iddays 9 umf xayyak likbiir ? 

(2) wayn byistiglu ulaadu ? 




-115- 


6 *7 


(3) mnayn btistiri lfwaaki ? 

(4) ?iddays garjak bilblaad ? 

(5) ?ayya saa9a btuugalu I9indu ? 

(6) wayn baddak tinzil ? 

(7) ?aymtiin baddna npluH ? 

(8) suu baddun yaaklu ? 

(9) wayn t9allamti ti^bxi ? 

(10) b?ayya mdiini mawzuud bayyak ? 

(11) kam wa / j > ?a bitriid ? 

(12) miin byistgil ma9ak ? 

(13) suu ?ism halmHall ? 

(14) miin bidillifi 9al?utayl ? 

(13) wayn ?aHsin ma^am bilmdiini ? 

(16) kam saa9a bitkuun hawn ? 

(17) ?iddays gaar 9umfun ? 

(18) suu bya9mil ?ibnu ttaani ? 

(19) ?aymtiin fiik tsuufa ? 

(20) 9ind miin bitHibb tistgil ? 

(21) suu bibii9u hawniiki ? 

(22) ?ayya saa9a byirza9 taaxidna ? 

(23) wayn baddkun taaklu ? 

(24) min ?ayya wilaayi ?inmak ? 

/ / 

(25) miin byarifun ? 


-116- 


6.8 


7. Formulas. Practice the following formulas aloud and be sure you know 
when each one is used. Then be prepared to give an appropriate response 
without hesitation. 

(1) ?a^a ixalliilu yaahun. 

(2) tfad£a^. (offering food) 

(3) tifbaH 9 a xayr. 

(4) bxaa$£ak. 

(3) §abaaH lxayr. 

(6) nhaarak sa9iid 

(7) kilf fiHHtak ? 

(8) ma9 ssalaami. 

(9) ?a^a ikuun ma9ak. 

(10) rnasa lxayr. 

(11) mamnuun. 

(12) kiif Ha'alak ? 

(13) mapHaba. 

(14) tsarrafna. 

(13) Tahlaw^sahla. 


f 


9 






-117- 



6 .* * 


Wf.- * 


2. Sentence Review 


Go through the following lists of English sentences by yourself and 
turn them xnto Arabic. Don't try to translate the English word for words 
instead, make up Arabic sentences that will mean the same thin*. DON'T 
WRITE ANYTHING DOWN, but practice your Arabic sentences out loud until you 
know them cold. Be ready to speak them without hesitation when the Leader 
calls on you. 


After the members of the group have prepared equivalents of the first 
fifty sentences, the group should assemble, under the Leader's direction for 
a check-up. The leader will read out one English sentence at a time (not 
necessarily in the order in which they are printed) and will call on 
various members of the group to give the Arabic versions. As each man calls 
out his answer, the others should compare it with their own results, and 
should supply whatever corrections and criticisms are necessary. For seme 
of these sentences, there are several possible Arabic equivalents* all 
equally good. The Guide will act as Judge, or the Leader can look up the 
answers in the Guide's Manual. 

When the group hes worked through the first list of fifty sentences, 
follow the same procedure with the second list. Prepare your Amble sen¬ 
tences alone, and check up on yourself when the group gets together. 

MsJU 

1. Please speak slowly. 'V.-* 

2. How much are two and two? 

3. I'll give you two pounds. 

4- It's one o'clock. 

5. What are these? 

6. Where's the toilet? 

7* Go straight ahead. 



8. I don't want potatoes. 

9. Do you have fish? 

10. Please repeat what you said. 

11. Wait a I want to get off here. 

12. When do you (pi) want me to stop? 

13. It's not at all too much 0 sir. 

14. Do you have change for five pounds? 

15. A little in back of it there's a turn on your right. 

Mo* *jol Mon* rfeilj? <8 edt ©teX«ae*lt ot vxt *‘noG .r. 

l6o I promise you 0 I'll be here for you ten minutes ahead of time 

X llttw tuol two eeonetaoa oideiA tucx eoJttosrj.; )l , - fOG 

17. Let's get on it (fem) B it looks as though the train's late. 

18. Would you like to come back and pick me up at 5*30? 

19. We'll be staying here about two and a half hours. 

ou) a?ul a tb eonytneE K eno tuo bi-o*r L.'.w i-b: ?1 ->x’T £1 - -ire 

20. Let me introduce you to Ft. Smith. 

0 axa dob e aA .anola'isv ottimk exit rt, oi qix tj* edi .* 1 :i atic 

2L. I hope you had a nice trip. 

do < xo‘l .ei'*; vJiaitJt'io hue r.no- ftai r .' ?t u :/ 9 

22 0 What does his oldest do? 

qa JiooX aoo to baeJL cai *xo ufl ton iX* 4 tbluC adT . ioo^ , {XX 

23. He°s a carpenter^ and his second one is still a student. 

24. How old are they? 

ea eitfmA. tuox •'leqet^ .Jail itfiooea exit dtiw e wbeacaq e |rc 

25. What city is your brother in? 

26. I know all of them, 

27. I've enjoyed meeting you. 

28« What state are you from? 

29* How long have you been here? 

30. To tell you the truths I don't care about her age. 

31. Do you want her to know how to cook 8 too? 

32. Do you (fem) want to sleep in the house or out? 

33- How many days a week do you (fern) want off? 





-119- 


34* This is the girl I spoke to you about. 

35* It makes no difference to me - do what suits you. 

36 . It depends on when you can see her. 

37. Well, about how much will she want? 

38. All right, when shall I see you to tell you the result? 
39• She'll certainly ask a lot. 

40* All right, leave it (fern) here and take something light. 
41- I only put fresh things in my shop. 

42. We prefer lamb here. 

43* Do you want to pay for them now? 

44. Tomorrow I'll send the maid to you to buy fruit. 

45* Please put a few bones with them. 

46. Pick out seme good ones for me from on top. 

47• Where do you buy your vegetables? 

48. I want 200 grams of meat for stuffing. 

49 • Do you have something to put the. things in? 

LIST II 

i ; t ' 

1. He wants a li^it (for his cigarette). 

2 * This restaurant is very good. 

_3* I don't speak Arabic well. 

4* Direct him to the station. 

3* I want to go to the movies. 

6. The bread is in front of you. 

7* We want to eat there. 

8. I didn't understand what you said. 



- 1 * 0 - 


I 

n/a 


9» The hotel is on your left. 

10. I don't have a cigarette. 

11. The train is crowded. 

12. They cost fifteen piastres. 

13. Where does this line go? 

14. Do you see the building there? 

13 . I want to go back to the hotel. 

16. Let me know when I get there. 

17. Give me five tickets. 

18. Where does he want to get off? 

19. Let's wait for the next bus. 

20. Stop at the red gate on your ri$it. 

21. I°ve been here 2 years, 

22. We think he's a cloth dealer. 

23. He doesn't want to help his father. 

24* He does everything we ask of him. 

23. Let's take him with us. 

26. He wants to introduce me to his oldest son. 

27 . % brother will notify you (pi) when he gets there. 

28. I came on the best boat. 

.IXew 0 idem. i 

29. The children are busy in the afternoon. 

30. It seems they want to visit your country. 

31* When shall we see him to tell him the result? 

32. These are the children I spoke to him about. 

33* You (fern) have to learn French. 

34- She makes the beds before she leaves the house. 







1 -V 







-1*1- 


6^13 


35* Who was she working for before? 

36. Can you direct me to his office? 

37• It depends on when we can eat. 

38 . I hope they'll be easily (* cheaply) satisfied. 

39* Then he'll need a maid older than that. 

40 . Do you (fem) know how to wash and iron? 

41. Let me order the vegetables today. 

42. Put (fem) the things in your basket. 

43* Apples are expensive in his shop. 

44- They don't eat meat on Friday. 

45* Weigh us out three kilos of tomatoes. 

46 . Give us two uqiya of meat for stuffing. 

47- The people in the city prefer beef. 

48 . Charge everything, I'll pay you the day after tomorrow. 
49* Pick out a nice e gg plant for me. 

30 * I buy my meat from the best place in the city. 




6.1G 


day after tomorrow 


beer 

building 


ba9d buk^a 
bifida (Ft no pi ) 
bina'ayi (Ft; jgl binay^at) 
bint (F; pi bandat or bnayyaat) girl* daughter 
blefad (F) country 

b^aa^ paving# floor (of stone or.tile) 

bukja or bikya tomorrow 

ba9d bukya day after tomorrow 

buu§-fca (Ft) bus# mail 

d?ii?a (Ft*j pi d?aayi?) minute 

dafaz ( colls sa d aizi Ft*; jdI, darzaat _or dqraaz) stairs, steps 
daxlak (fla) please (when requesting information) 

noon 

farsi (Ft*; pd farsaat or firs) bed 


fhimt 
f i“ 

• \ i ± 3ilg 

fii 

fiia 

?aymtiin fiik tsuufa ? 
fijfa (Ft| no pi ) 
franzi (adj) 
frinsaawi 
fu?aad ( name ) 
fwaaki (pi) 
gaali (adj) 

ganim or ganam ( coll inv) 
laHm ganim 


I understood 8 you understood 
in# by 

in it# there is# there are 
in it (feminine) 

When can you see her? 

vacation# leave# time off 

Western# European* Occidental 

French 

Fuad 

fruit 

expensive# dear 
sheep 

lamb (meat) 




6.19 


-ha (after a-; otherwise -a) her^ 
ha11a? ( inv) now 

hayda or haada (F haydi, hawdi or haydool) this, that 
ha^/l- this, that (wish follow ing noun) 

here 


hawn 

✓ 

hawniik 

hayk 

mis hayk ? 

himmi (Ft pi rare : himam) 

hinni 

hiyyi 


there 

this way, so 
n'est-ce pas? 
energy 
they 
she 
he 

-hun (after a-; otherwise -un) their, them 
Hadd or. ?aHad (pi Hduud or ?Haad) Sunday 


huwwi 


Ha'?? (£l H?uu?) 


?iddays Ha??un. 
ma9ak Ha'??. 


Ha??ak. 

Haal (jdI Kwaal) 

kiif Haalak ? (fla) 
Hwaalu mniiHa. 


right, value 
How much are they? 
You're ri^it. 
You're right, 
condition, state 
How are you? 

He's well off. 


Hadiid ( coll; sg Ft Hadiidi "piece of iron" £l Hdaayid) iron 
Ha${*a (Ft) presence, excellence (as title) 

Ha^tak you (formal) 

Ham^a (adj F) red 

-i (F verb suffix ) 

-i (after verbs or certain other words -ni) me, my 



i?ayyid 

- 1 ^ 4 - 6.20 
eater (in a book), charge (to one 0 s account) 

ibii 9 

sell (<#- suff * "to" sooieonaj "for" someone) 

idiil 

direct (f suff * "to" someone $ - 1 - "for" someone) 

id ill 

direct (#> suff = someone 3 9a v , "to") 

ifa^il 

prefer 

igasail 

wash 

/ 

ihiirm 

concerno be of importance to 

iHibh 

like, love 


put J ane i ntrtiti 

-it (after vowels put 

“ki) you 9 your (F sg) 

ilaa?i 

find, meet 

imassiH 

wipe, scrub 

ina??i 

choose, pick out 

inaani 

sleep 

inaasib 

01J suit 

ina^if 

if ss'ie jioisti rtoK .nitfSaH, avBbll? 

clean 

iridd 

return, give back (t suff * somethings ° 1 ® "to* 

someone) 

iriid 

want, wish 

ijuuH 


isaawi 

straighten, equal 

isaawi Ifirs 

make the beds 

isaa 9 id 


isallim 

u<sm*, greet 

isafjif 

honor 

* 

isiil 

remove, take away, set aside 

isuuf 

see -low neilio alatti 



iwa??if 

iwaddi 

iwa§§i 

ixalli 

xalliina ni$la9, 


- 125 - 

stop 

lead, take 
order (something) 
let, leave 
Let's go up. 


6.2 


?aj.^a ixalliilu yaahun. God keep them for him. 

(R: w^ixalliik n^a^a) 


iziin 

izutq: 


iziib 


bizibli ?ahwi 


i9aj-£if 


i9iid 


kaanit 


kam or kim 


weigh 

visit 

bring 

He brings me the coffee. 

cause to know, introduce (- suff » someone; 

9a^*to" someone) 

repeat 
she was 


how many several, a few 


(followed by singular) 


kbiir (ad.i; pi kbaar) 


large, great, old (of living beings) 
how 

How are you? 

How could it be that there wouldn't be any? 
bag 

all, every 
every day 
all day 
all of them 
everything 

ktiir ( ad.i pi ktaap "groups of many") much, a lot, many, very 


kiif ( inv ) 

kiifak ? 
kiif ma^fii ? 
kiis (j> 1 kyaas) 
kill 

kill yawm 

/ / 

kill lyawm 

✓ 

killun 

killsi or kill sii 


marrow 


6.22 


- 126 - 

kuusa (F coll ; sg kuusaayi, j>l kuusaayaat) vegetable 


1 - (see ?il°) 

1- ( see Note 2.2) 
la? ( also laa) 
laazim ( adj ) 
laHm i coll ) 

laHm ba?a£ 
laHm ganim 
liiya (Ft) 

luubyi or luubi or luubya 
m?akkad ( adj ) 
m?axxa£ ( adj) 
ma^ 

ma^ii 

wel a 

?abl ma^ 
b^9d ma vv , 

mafra? (jol rnfaari?) 
mabgim^ (adj,) 
mahl 

/ / 
9a v/ maHlak* 9a^mahlu, 

maHsi (see miHsi) 

maktab (gl mkaatib) 

malbuus 

mamnuun (adj) 

maja (Ft*? jd! niswaan) 

majHaba (Ft*? jdI majaaHib? 


to, for 

the 

no 

necessary 

meat (sg means "specific quantity"? pi used only 
special senses 

beef 

lamb 

pound (monetary unit) 

(F inv) string, beans 
certain 
late 

not, that 
there isnH any 
before (with verb) 
after (with verb) 

juncture, branch, intersection, turn 
happy, well 
slowness, ease 

etc,, at your (his, etc.) ease * slowly 

office, desk 
clothing 

grateful » thank you 
women, wife 
fla) hello 



6.23 


- 127 - 

(greeting; R mapHabtayn or, less corrmonly, or pi) 
mafya (Ft*; £l mafjaat or mjaa^) time 
maj-ya taanyi again 


ma's?!! (Ft*; j> 1 msa / a?il) 

question, matter for discussion 

masa (M) 

evening 

masa lxayr (fla) 

good evening (greeting; R: or yis9ud masaak) 

masguul (ad.i) 

busy 

m^£9am (pi m$aa9im) 

restaurant 

ma'wz (coll) 

bananas 

mawzuud (ad.i) 

present, "in" 


ma9^ with 

ma^salaami ( see salaami) 
ma9ak H^?? you're right 


ma^ak wal9a ? 

Do you have a light (on you)? 

ma 91 uuf (pars name) 

Maaloof 

ma9rfi (Ft*; pi m9aayif) 

acquaintance 

ma9fuuf (adj) 

known 

ma9j*uuf (jdI m9aariif) 

favor 

ma9zuu? (ad.i) 

crowded 

mayy (Ft*) 

water 


mdiini (Ft* pi midun or mudun or mdaayin) city 


mHall (pi mHallaat) 

miHsi or maHsi (adj) 

place 

stuffed 


miHSi 0 £ maHsi (jdI mHa'asi) stuffed dish 


mi in 

who, whom 

9 ind mi in 

at which place 


6.24 


- 128 - 

min (before two consonants mni^) from. 


mnayn (min +wayn) 
mistir 


from where 
Mister 


than 


“i* 1 like 

mittiHid (adi) united 


Iwilayaat ImittiHdi 
mnaasib ( ad.i) 
maayn ( see min ) 


United Statea 
suitable, convenient 
from where 


mniiH (adj) good 

a- ( alt n i-s see Note 2.^ we 


us, our 

naas (plj second p t l naasaat "groups of people") people 
natiizi (Ft*j jdI nata'ayiz) result 

nb§a$na we became happy, we had a good time 

nhaar (jd! nhaapiat) day * day time 

nhaafak sa9Ud (fla) good day (greeting; R, (nha'ajak aa9iid) wi^mbaa^; 


-ni (see 4) 

me 

nlHna (inv) 

we 

ni fI (£i n|aa§ or n§uu§) 

half 

nizzaaj (^1 nizzaa^iin) 

carpenter 

n^a^a 

God willing, I hope 

nuu|' 

light 

ri(zz 

rice 

rxii§ (a^i) 

cheap 

saa9a (Ft) 

hour, clock, watch 

?iddays ssaa9a? 

What time is'it? 

ssaa9a w^Hdi 

It's one o'clock 




- 129 - 


6.25 


sab9a (Ft*) 

sabt (jdI sbuuti) 

/ 

sab9iin 

/ ✓ 
sab9ta9s 

safap ( coll ) 

sahla ( see ?ahla) 

saiaami (Ft*) 

ma9 w/ ssalaami (fla) 


seven 

Saturday 

seventy 

seventeen 

travelling 

peace, safety 

goodbye (said by one who stays, Rto* 
bxaa^jak; R* ?a^^a is&llmak) 

casket 


salli (Ft*; jjjL slaal or sallaat) 
samak ( coll ) fish 

sa9iid ( adi; pi rare ) fortunate, happy (see nhaar) 

siigaura (pi swaagiir or sagaayir) cigarette 

siinama (Ft) movie-theater 

/ / / 
sini (Ft*; jgl, sniin or sanawaat) year 

sitta^s sixteen 

sitti (Ft*) six 

sittiin sixty 

/ / . 
si9r (£1 ?as9aa^) price 

|aan9a (Ft*; £l §innaa9) maid 

happened, became 

?iddays §ariak hawn ? Hoi; long have you been here (how long has it 
happened to you to be here?) 

?iddays §aaj 9umjun ? How old have they become? 

§abaaH (pi fabaaHaat) morning 

§abaaH lxayr (fla) good morning (greeting; Ri or 
§abaaH nnuur, yis9ud ^abaaHak, etc.) 

^aHiiH ( adj ) 


sound, healthy, true 



6.26 


siHhft (Ft) health^ 0 

fiHBtayn (fla) may you enjoy: your food (Rtoi tfa^a) 

sa?fi (Ft *5 £l si?af ^r sa?faat) piece 


saayif (a<|j ) __seeing 


* / _ 

sa^af 

sawjba or suufba (Ft) 
sii 

killsi £r kill sii 
siJWctiir 

v * , 
smaal 

sukjan 

•/t ■ 

suu 

swayyi 
Swayyi (Ft) 

t- aea Bote 2.M 

t?axxart 

t?iil (jail) 

taani ( acjj ) 

mafya taanyi 
taazir (jai tizzaay) 


honor 

soup 

thing, (at end of sentence or clause sign of 
question) 

everything 

pretty much 

left, north 

thank you 

what 

what 

a little 
you, she 
You're late, 
heavy 

in order to, so that* let's (followed by Prefix 
Tense) 

second, other, next 
again 

business man, dealer 


taHt (iai) under 

taksi (Ft* taksiyaat) (faxi 

tfa^al (fla) please (when offering something - if food R» 

fiHHtayn) 


tiffaaH ( ool^ 


apples 



6.27 


tikjam (fla) 

tiimiiz (j^l tlaamiiz) 

tis9a (Ft*) 

-131- 6, 

at your service, you're welcome 

student 

nine 

tis9iin 

ninety 

tia9ta9s 

nineteen 

tlaata (.Ft) 

Tuesday 

tlaati (Ft?) 

three 

tlaati or tlaata 

tmaaniin 

Tuesday 

eighty 

tmaanyi tmaani 

tminta9s 

eight 

eighteen 

tnayn 

two, Monday 

traan 

train, street car 

tsarrafna (fia) 

we're honored 

Jaaja (inv) 

fresh 

$ayyib (adi; 

good, all right 

$na9e 

twelve 

-u (d1 verb suffi,*) 


-u (after vowel* zero) 

his, him 

ulaad (see ?ibn and wslad 

children 

u$*aa? fsee waja?) 


wa?t ?aw?aat) 

waaHid (F* wiHdi) 

time 

one 

wa'iad (ql ulaad) 

son 

. 

wal9a (Ft) 

light (e.g. for cigarette) 

walav. 

of course, naturally, what do you think? 


by God • indeed, absolutely 



waja? ( coll; pi uraa? or 
wayn 

wiHdi ( see waaHid) 
wilaayi (Ft) 
xabaf (jdI ?axbaag) 
xafiif ( adj ) 
xalf 

xalf min^ 
xaliil ( pers name ) 
xamiis 
xamsi (Ft*) 
xamsi in 
xamsta9s 

CBi x$uu$) 

xayr 

§abaaH lxdyr (fla) 
masa Ixayr (fla) 
tigbaH 9a^xayr (fla) 
xayy (^1 ?jjcwi Ft) 
xawaaza (Mt) 
xfdpa (Ft*) 
yaa= sign of object 
yaaxud 
y ami in 

yavsm (j^L ?iyyaam) 
ya9mil yi9mil 
ya9ni gz yi9ni 


, , - 132 - 6.28 
wap?aiat) paper, (eg "piece of paper, ticket) 

where 

one 

state 

news 

light 

beyondo in back 

in back of 

khalil 

Thursday 

five 

fifty 

fifteen 

line 

well being 

good morning (for R see §abaaH) 

good afternoon (for R see masa) 

good night (Rg u^?inti bxayr) 

brother 

gentleman 

vegetables 


(t»i?wa* laJ tt 

take 

rigit 

day 

do a make 

mean 0 (as non-ccanmittal comment "well") 


-133- 


ya9**if know 

yi«* ( alt 1-: see Note 9,1) he, they 


yi?*id 

yib9at 

yidfa9 

yifri? or yifru? 


sit, stay 
send (-1- "to") 

pay for (suff things; -1- persons) 
differ (ma9 "with") 


6,29 


yiHfa^ 

?a^ yiHfazak (fla) 

yikwi 

/ 

yilzam 

yimsaH 

yinz.il or ylnzal 

/ y 

yirza9 


keep, preserve 

God preserve you (Rto* ?a^^a (ikuun) ma9ak) 
iron 

be necessary (suff or -1- "for") 
wipe, dust off 
go down 

become satisfied 
go back 


yistanna wait for 

/ / 

yis9ud or yis9id make fortunate, bless 

^ / / / 
yis9ud masaak (Rto masa lxayr) 

/ / / / , 
yis9ud fabaaHak (Rto §abaaHak (Rto ^abaaH lxayr) 


'v 

yiskur 

thank 

yistri 

buy 

yitjuk 

leave 

yitwa??af 

depend 

yit9allam 

learn 

y£$bux 

cook 

yi£la9 

go up 



, -134- 

yi9^i or ya9$i (suff either thing or person; if both then suff 
person and yaa- thing) 

♦ 

zyaadi (Ft) extra„ more than enough 

zim9a (Ft*; pi zima9 or zmaa9) week 

9a^ (alt before suffix? 9lay-) on 0 at B to 

91ayyi yamma 91ayk ? On me or on You? (= who pays?) 

/ y 

dillni 9av>l?utayl direct me to the hotel. 


9a v> yamiinak 
btitwa??af 9a u .... 


on your right 
it depends on 


^.30 


9adm 

9amn (pi 9muumi) 

9an 

Hkiitillak 9ana 
9ajabi ( ad.1 ) 

9asja (Ft*) 

9ind 

9indi kills! 
9ind Imasa 
btuu§al I9indu 


uncle (father °s brother) 

from„ about 

I told you about her 

Arabic 

ten 

at the place of B near 9 in the possession of 

I have everything 

toward evening 

you 0 II get to his place 


-135- 


UNIT 7 


KEBPIWfl COOT. 


weather 

sweat 

How nice the weather is today, 
spring 

This is spring weather, 
school 
why 

You seem to be late for school 
today, why? 

past 

I went up 
mountain 

Last week I went up to the 
mountain. 

he was 

How was the weather in the 
mountains ? 

cold, coldness 

It wasn't too cold. 

The weather's nice in Beirut in 
the spring. 

it assembles 

It's like California weather, 
but 

Sumner 

But summer is hotter here than 
there. 


ta^s 

Hilu 

suu ha v &ta '?0 lHilu yarai. 

fabii9 

hayda ta?s | , abii 9 . 

• madrasi 
lays 

b^ighaj m?axxa£, 9 a^lmadrsi lyawm 
lays ? 

maa^i 

tli9t 

zabal 

i£m9it lmaa£yi $li9t 9ajzzabal. 
kaan 

kjfif kaan ta"?s bi^zzabal ? 
bard 

j f f / 

mavjsaan fii bard ktiir. 
bbayruut Hilu tta?s bi^pabii9. 

byi^bih or byisbah 
byl&bih ta?s kalifuujnya. 
laakin 
^ayf 

laakin fg^yf hawn ?aswab min hwaniik. 



windo air 


-136- 


ha wa 


7.2 


dry- 

10. The air is dry in the mountains. 

sun 

early 

11. And the sun comes out early. 

I stayed 

12. Last year I stayed here all summer 

humidity 0 moisture 
heat 

they oppressed me 

13. The humidity and heat were 
oppressive. 

few 0 little 

you can 

you swim 

14« At least in Beirut you can swim 
in the summer. 

if he were 

drier 

13o If it were a little drier it would 
be fine. 

side direction 

I spend (pass) time 
fall 

16. As far as I°m concerned 0 I like to 
spend summer and fall in the 
mountains. 


naasif 

bivyzzahai lhawa naasif. 
lams 

bakklir 

wtyssams bti^la9 bakkiir. 

$a;4ayt 

sint Imaa^yi cjallayt h£wni kill §§ayf 
£$uubi 
sawb 

£aay?tfuni 

yj’tuubi wi^aSawb <|aay?uuni. 

?aliil 

bti?dir 

tisbaH 

bl > l?aliili bi^ayf bti?dir tisbaH. 

lawinnu 

_ # V _ 

?ansaf 

lawinnu ?ansaf swayy kaan 9aal. 

'f * 

zlha 

magl^i 

xariif . 

min zihti bHibb maddi ssayf 
wi^ariif bijszabal. 

V t 

siti 


winter 


7.3 


-137- 

17. You're right, but there’s nothing 
like Beirut in the winter. 

18. Where did you spend the summer 
last year? 

place 

special 

19. We didn't go any place special 
for the summer. 

we went 

toward 

north 

month 

time 

20. We went up north for a month. 

we went back 
we went down 
summer place 
south 

21. We came back down to summer 
resorts in the South. 

you (pi) passed 

Aley 

22. Did you stop at Aley? 

they stayed 

23 . Yes, my mother and father stayed 
there with my uncle. 

24« And I came with my wife. 


/ / </ / 

ma9ak Ha?? bass ma^fii mitl 

bayruut biussiti. 

/ s s / 

wayn §ayyaftu sint lmaadyi ? 

/ 

ma^jaH 
XfUUgi 

n^as/fayyafna bma^faH xguugi. 

riHna 
sawb 
smaal 

v / 

sahr 
zamaan 

riHna sawb asmaal sahr zamaan. 
v ; 

rzi9na 

nzilna 

masyaf 

znuub 

rzi9na nzilna 9a^msaayif zznuub. 

mra?tu 

9aalay 

✓ / 
mra?tu 9®v>9aalay ? 

$a^u 

/ / / / ✓ 
na9am, ?immi u^bayyi £allu hawniik 

ma9 9ammi. 

/ < * * 
uj?ana ziit ma9 majti. 

~ / 

mgayyaj 


changed 


-138- 


25 . It looks as though the weather 
has changed. 

he went up 

26. What a wind has come up 2 

he came 
clouds 


saayiflak tta?s mgayyar. 


suu haJLhawa ^ili9» 


?iza 


gaym 


27 . Where did all these clouds come mnayn ?iza hau^lgaym killu ? 
from? 


going to 
(she) rains 

28. I think it°s going to rain. 

come 

room 

29 , Come on 0 let°s go to the room. 


✓ 

raH 

bitsatti 


biftikir ^aH bitsatti, 
ta9a 


?uuda 


ta9a ta^^nruuH 9a v> l?uuda, 








-139- 


7*3 


Note 7*1 Comparatives . Study the following forms which huve appeared 
in the Basic Sentences of Units 1-7» 

?akbay large, older 

?aswab wanner, hotter 

?sjjsaf drier 

?akta£ more 

?aHsan (or ?aHsin) better 

?aglab more likely 

This is the regular Arabic equivalent of English adjective forms in "-er". 
Such forms will be called COMPARATIVES. A comparative consists of a root 
(e.g. >/kbr t V’^swb, \f~nit t etc.) plus ?a- prefixed and -a- inserted between 
the second and third consonant of the root. This could be abbreviated 
?accac where each c indicates a place for one consonant of the root. 

A set of vowels of this kind which interlocks with a root and has a special 
grammatical meaning (e.g. "comparative") will be called a PATTERN. 


Eere is a list of comparatives: 

Comnarative Meaning 

Noun of 
same root 

Mganififa 

?abrad 

«> 

colder, cooler 

ba'rd 

coldness 

?aglab 

more likely 



?akbaj 

larger, older 

kbiir 

large, old 

?aktaf 

more 

ktiir 

a lot, much 

?ansaf 

drier 

na'asif 

dry 

?arxa§ 

cheaper 

/ 

rxii| 

cheap 

?aswab 

hotter 

sawb 

heat 

?at?al 

heavier 

t?iil 

heavy 

?azgaj 

smaller, younger 

zgiir 

small, young 







-HQ- 


7.6 


Notice that there is usually a corresponding adjective (or even several 
adjectives of the same root 0 but sometimes the only corresponding form 
is non^adjectival noun of the same root (e.g. sawb). In other words, 
an Arabic comparative is not a comparative of a particular adjective as 
in English but is the comparative for a particular root. 


Note 7.2 Suffix Tense. Study the underlined verb forms in the following 
Basic Sentences of this and preceding Unitsg 


7.5 kiif kaan tta?s bHzzabal. 


How was the weather in the 
mountains ? 


7.26 suu ha._/!hawa tilffi . 

7.2? mnayn ?iza ha jLga'ym killu ? 
3.14 ns a 11a kaanit sa'frtak mniiHa. 
4.32 .-a., kaanit ?aa9di .... 

2.1 ?izit lbuu§^a„ 


What a wind has come up. 

Where did all these clouds come 
I hope you had a good trip. 

...o she was staying ..*. 

Here comes the bus 2 


from? 


7.23 na9am, ?immi u^ayyi dallu 
hawniiki .... 


Yes Q my mother and father stayed 
there. 


7.13 fr^uubi wi^ssawb £aaya?uuni. 


The humidity and heat were 
oppressive. 


1.11 fhimt? 


1.15 9maal ma9£uuf 9iid Hi ?iltu. 


2,32 ?iza t?axxart 9an ssaa9a xamsi 
u^ni§§ ... 


Do you understand? 

Please repeat what you said. 

If you're later than five-thirty... 


3.12 9 a vy?ayya baabuuf ziit ? 

4.27 9ind miin kinti tistigli ?abl ? 


What boat did you come on? 


Who were you (fern) working for 

before? 


4.31 wayn t9allamti ? 


Where did you (fem) learn it? 


9.18 wayn gayyaftu sint lmaagyi ? 


Where did you spend the summer last 
year? 


7<>22 mra?tu 9a. >Qaalav ? 
1.12 naQam B fhimt . 

3*13 ziit 9a.„lmariin kaaj-p. 


Did you stop at Aley? 

Yes„ I understand. 

I came on the Marine Carp. 














7.7 


-14I- 

7.12 sint Imaa^yi ga^^ayt hawni... 

4«22 haydi lbint Hi Hkiitillak 9ana. 

3*6 tsarrafna bmaQriftak. 

3.41 nb^ajna ktiir bsawftak. 

7.19 ma ^sayyafna bma^raH x§uu§i, 

7.20 riHna sawb ssmaal ... 

7.21 rzi9na nzika gskyin^aayif zznuub. 

* 

In addition to the forms of the Prefix Tense, there is one other set of verb 
forms in Arabic, characterized by suffixes (-it, -u, -t, etc .), which will 
be called the SUFFIX TEN3E. 

Here are sample third person forms? 

kaan he was kaanit she was 

$ili9 he went up ?izit he came 

e ✓ 

?iza he came 

The third person singular masculine 0 the "he" form, consists of the stem 
(root plus pattern) with no prefixes or suffixes. This is the simplest form 
of the verb, and from this Unit on verbs will be entered in the Vocabularies 
under this form. The suffix -it is added to the masculine form for the 
feminine singular, and the -u plural ending already familiar from the Prefix 
Tense is added for the plural. Notice that if the masculine ends in 19 
(e.g # tili9) the i Is dropped before adding the -it or -u. Here are further 
examples of third person forms of the Suffix Tense? 


tili9 

he 

went up 

til9it 

she 

went up 

$i'l9u 

they 

went up 

nizil 

he 

went down 

nizlit 

she 

went down 

nizlu 

they 

went down 

fihim 

he 

understood 

fihmit 

she 

understood 

f ihmu 

they 

understood 

9irif 

he 

knew 

9^rfit 

she 

knew 

9irfu 

they 

knew 

kaan 

he 

was 

kaanir 

she 

was 

kaanu 

they 

were 

saaf 

he 

saw 

saafit 

she 

saw 

saafu 

they 

saw 

zaab 

he 

brought 

zaabit 

she 

brought 

zaabu 

they 

brought 


$a^u they stayed 

$aaya?u they oppressed 


Last year I stayed here ... 

This is the girl I spoke to you 
about. 

I'm honored to meet you. 

I'm glad to have met you. 

We didn't go any place special for 
the summer. 

We went up north ... 

We came back down to summer resorts 
in the south. 







/ 



-142- 


7.8 

naam 

he slept 

naamit 

she slept 

s 

naamu 

they slept 

da'll 

he directed 

dallit 

she directed 

d£llu 

they directed 

Habb 

he loved 

Hafcbit 

she loved 

H^bbu 

they loved 

daaya? 

he oppressed 

daaya?it 

she oppressed 

£aaya?u 

they oppressed 

/ 

saa 9 ad 

he helped 

saa 9 adit 

she helped 

saa 9 adu 

they helped 

?iza 

he came 

?izit 

she came 

?izu 

they came 

Here are sample second 

person forms 3 



fhimt 

you understood 

kinti 

you (fern) 

were 

?ilt 

you said 


t 9 allamti 

you (fem) learned 

t?axxart 

you became delayed 

^ayyaftu 

you (pi) spent the summer 

V / 

ziit 

you came 


mr£?tu 

you (pi) passed 


The second person suffix, is -t, to which are added the feminine ending -i 
or the plural ending =u 8 both familiar to us in the forms of the Prefix 
Tense. Notice that the stem of the second person is not always the same as 
the stem of the third person, e.g. kaans klnti 0 ?izas £iit. 

Here are further examples of second person forms s 


fhimt 

you understood 

fhimt i 

you (fem) 
understood 

fhimtu 

you (pi) under¬ 
stood 

|H9t 

you went up 

tli9ti 

you (fem) went 
up 

^li 9 tu 

you (pi) went 
up 

nzilt 

you went down 

nzilti 

you (fem) went 
down 

nziltu 

you (pi) went 
down 

kint 

you were 

kinti 

you (fem) were 

kintu 

you (pi) were 

?£it 

ycu said 

?ilti 

you (fem) said 

?iltu 

you (pi) said 

sift 

you saw 

sifti 

you (fem) saw 

siftu 

you (pi) saw 

ziit 

you came 

ziiti 

you (fem) came 

ziitu 

you (pi) came 

mra?t 

you passed 

mra?t 

you (fem) passed 

mra'?tu 

you (pi) passed 

gayyaft you summered 

fayyafti 

you (fem) 
summered 

fayyaftu 

you (pi) 
summered 

na^aft you cleaned 

na^afti 

ycu (fem)cleaned 

Aac^aftu 

you (pi) cleaned 


7o9 


-143- 

Here are sample first person forms; 


fhimt 

I understood 

tsapyafna 

we 

were honored 


I stayed 

nbfatna 

we 

were happy 

ziit 

I came 

fayyafna 

we 

summered 



riHna 

we 

went 



rzi9na 

we 

returned 



nzilna 

we 

went down 


The first person singular suffix is -to This means that the first singular 
and second masculine singular (the *1" and "you" (masc forms) of the Suffix 
Tense are always identical* The first person plural suffix is -na 0 Notice 
that this suffix is identical with the first person plural pronominal ending 
-na "us 0 our" 0 and is the only instance of similarity between these two 
different sets of suffixes* The stem of the first person forms is always 
the same as the stem of the second person forms 0 i*e 0 if there are more than 
one stem in the Suffix Tense of a verb 0 there are only two - one for the 
third person (kaan 0 -it 0 =u) and one for the second and first (kin»t 0 -ti 0 
-tu 0 »t 6 -na). 


Here are 

further examples 

of first person 

forms g 

nzilt 

I went down 

nzilna 

we went down 

fhimt 

I understood 

fhimna 

we understood 

V s 
rzi9t 

I returned 

V ' 

rzi9na 

we returned 

riHt 

I went 

riHna 

we went 

V / 




zibt 

I brought 

zibna 

we brought 

4a}iayt 

I stayed 

(Ja^ayna 

we stayed 

Habbayt 

I loved 

/ 

Habbayna 

we loved 

/ 

fayyaft 

I summered 

✓ 

gayyafna 

we summered 

gassalt 

I washed 

gassalna 

we washed 


All these suffixes are the same for all verbs* There is some variation, 
however B in the stem structure of verbs 0 and this will gradually be explained 
in succeeding Units* 


7.io 




- 144 “ 

Here are full lists of Suffix Tense forms for several types of verbs % 


nizil 

laaf 

da 11 

?iza 

nizlit 

saafit 

dallit 

?izit 

/ 

nizlu 

saafu 

dallu 

/V 

?izu 

✓ 

✓ ' 



nzilt 

sift 

dallayt 

ziit 

nzilti 

sifti 

dallayti 

ziiti 

nziitu 

siftu 

dallaytu 

V / 

ziitu 

nzflt 

sift 

dallayt 

v ' 

ziit 

✓ 

nzilna 

sifna 

dallayna 

ziina 







UNIT 7 


-145- 

■SECTIQN G» VOCABULARY 


7.11 


?adaj* yi?dir 

be able 

?aliil (adj) 

V 

?ansaf 

few, sparse 

drier 

?iza yizi 

come 

?uu^a (Ft* jdI ?uwad) 

room 

bakkiir 

early 

bard 

cold, coldness 


|aaya? i^aayi? (also daaya?, idaayi?) annoy, embarrass, oppress 



stay, keep on (doing something) 

hawa(M) 

air, breeze, wind 

Hilu (adj; F Hilwi, jgl Hilwiin) 

sweet, nice 

kaan ikuun 

be 

laakin 

but 

lays 

why 

law?inn= or lawinn- or lawwinn- 

if (£, it, she, etc.) were 

maa£i (adj) 

past, last 

madrsi (Ft* jdI mdaaris) 

school 

maja? yimru? 

pass, stop at 

ma§yaf (pi msaayif) 

summer resort 

matjaH (j^l mtaariH) 

place 

mgayyaj (adj) 

naasif (adj) 

changed, different 

dry 

nizil, yinzal, yinzil 

go down 

pabii9 

spring 


$*aaH ifuuH 


go 





-146- ?o!2 

faH going to (followed by Prefix Tense with 

or without the -prefix) 


ffuubi (Ft) 

moistureo humidity 

sabaH yisbaH 

swim 

sawb 

toward 

fayf 

summer 

sahr (?ilhuj) 

month 

sams (Fg jgl sxnms) 

sun 

sattit yitsatti 

rain 

siti (M) 

winter 

smaal 

north 

ta?s (pi t?uus "rituals") 

weather 0 ritual 

ta9a (F ta9i^ pi ta9u) 

come 

$ili9 yitla9 

go up 

xariif 

fall 0 autumn 

x?uujfi (adi) 

specials private 

yi&bah* yisbih 

resemble 

yi^ha^* 

seem 0 appear 

zabal (pi zbaal) 

mountain 

zihha (Ft) 

side 0 direction 

zzrnulb 

South 

9aalay 

Aley (town in Lebanon) 


PART ONE 


UNIT 8 


- 147 - 

KEEPING CLEAN 


1. Welcome, sir! 

by your life 
Gibran 
lighten 
hair 

2m Gibran, how about taking off a 
little hair for me? 

you shave 

3# Do you want a shave* too? 
cut for me 

Give me a haircut and then I'll 
see. 


?ahla w^ahla, ya^xawaaza. 
wi^Hyaatak 
zibfaan 
xaffif 

V /- 

sa9r 

wi^Eyaatak yajfcibfaan baddi xaffif 
sa9ri Swayyi. 

tiilu? 

baddak tiHlu? kamaan ? 

?i§£|illi 

?i^§illi sa9ri u xy ba9dayn bsuuf. 


5 - 


6 . 


7 . 


8. 


neck 

How do you want your neck? 

(a) Take off a little. (Listen 
it for me). 

machine 

scissors 

Do you want me to use clippers or 
scissors on your hair? 

electricity 

I have electric clippers, 
bootblack 
he dyes 
gloves 

Please tell the bootblack to 
shine my shoes* 


ra?bi 

kiif baddak rra?bi ? 

% 

xaffifli yaaha. 

ma'kana 

m?a§§ 

baddak ?i§gillak sa9rak bi^lmakana 
yamma bi x >lm?a§§ ? 

kahraba 

9indi makana 9a 0 lkahraba. 
booyazi 
yi§big 
§ibbaa| 

9muul ma9jmif ?illu lilbooyazi yi§bigli 
§ibbaa$i. 



polish 


= 143 - 


lammi9 


8.2 


Ali 

9o Do a good job on the shoes. Ali 
oil 

10. Shall I put hair tonic or just 
water? 

comb 

11. Comb it for me dry. 

separationo difference 
side 

12. And make the part on the side. 

13. I think I have time to shave. 

knife, straight razor 

your 

sharp 

14° Is your razor sharp? 

blade (of safety razor) 

15 o I°ll shave you with a safety 
razor if you want. 

I brush you 

professor 

l6. Shall I brush you off. sir? 

170 May it be to your comfort, sir. 
18. And to yours. 


9ali 

lammi9li §§ibbaat mniiH yaga'll, 
zayt 

bHi^illak zayt sa9r yamma bass mayy ? 
massit 

massi^li yaa 9s^nnaasif. 
fir? 
zanb 

Uv9milli Ifxr? 9 a ^z£anb. 
biftikir 9indi wa?t ta^?iHlu?. 
nuus 
tab9ak 
Hadd 

Imuus tab9ak Hadd ? 
saf^a 

biHli?lak bi^lsaf^a ?iza btriid. 

farsiilak 

?istaaz 

baddak farsiilak ya^?istaaz ? 

na9£iman. ya^ocawaaza. 

S s 

yin9am 91ayk„ 


wood (for fuel) 
water heater 

Put wood in the heater, would 
you? 


Ha^b 

?a^aan 

bi^Hyaatik Hit^i Ha'$b bi^l?azaan 


19 


-149- 


kind le (fern) 
bath 


sa 991 i 

Himnaam 


20. And li^it (the heater for) 
a bath. 

you take a bath 

21. When do you want to take a bath? 

possible 

22. Now, if possible. 

hot 

23* Don’t put too much wood onj 

I don't like the water too hot. 

I prepare 

clothes 

towel 

24« All right 0 and I'll get out your 
clothes and the towel for you. 

(piece of) soap 

fibre bath sponge 

there they are 

cabinet 

23* And the soap and sponge are in 
the cabinet. 

suit 

brown 


u^,sa99li iHimmaam. 

titHammam 

?aymtiin baddak titHammam ? 
mumkin 

halla?, ?iza mumkin. 
sixn 

ma y tHi^ Ha$b ktiir. maJ)Hibb Imayy 
sixni ktiir. 

Had£i£ 

tyaab 

man^fi 

$ayyib» ta^Ha^iplak tya'abak 
wi^lmanifi. 

§aabuuni 

liifi 

JteHHinn 

xzaani 

/ / 

wi^sgaabuuni wi^lliifi -HHinn 
bi lxzaani. 

$a?mi 

binni 


shirt 

?amii§ 

white (fern) 

bay^a 

readya present 

Haa^ir 

Are my brown suit and 
ready? 

white shirt ta'ftni lbinni wl / l?amiis lbayda 
Haa^riin sii ? 



- 150 - 


8.4 


laundryman 

27 ® I just brought them back from 
the laundry. 

socks 

28. And your socks are ready too. 

you forget 
you close 
faucet 
you appear 

29 . Don't forget to turn off the 
faucet when you come out. 

dry (verb) 

sweeter 

you catch 

30o Dry yourself well so you don't 
catch cold. 

you fear (fern) 

hope 

heart 

31. Don't worry about me„ darling, 
(Don't be afraid for me, "hope 

of my heart"). 

32. I'm ready Adel. 

coat 

hat 

33 • Bring me my coat and hat and 
let“s gOo 

sweetheart 

34» Nky it be to your comfort, dear. 


kawwa 

ha 11a? zibtun min <)in& Ikawwa. 

kalsaat 

u^^calsaatak Haa^riin kamaan. 

tinsa 

tsakkir 

✓ 

Hanafiyyi 

✓ 

ti^har 

majtinsa tsakkir IHanafiyyi bass 
ti£haj*. 

nassif 

?aHla 

tii?a$ 

nassif Haalak mniiH ?aHla ma^til?at 
bard. 

txaafi 

razwi 

?alb 

ma^txaafi 91 ayyi ya^razwit ?albi. 

?ana Haadra yaj^aadil. 
kabbuut 
bijnay^a 

ziibiili Ikabbuut wi^lbimay^a. 
u^da^njuuH. 

Habiib 

na9iiman ya^Habiibi. 


UNIT 8 


- 151 - 


8.1 


Section B. Pronunciatiop 


1. g l rea . s . Up to this time the stress in Arabic words has been marked by 

a I?® I° We ^ ° f loudest stress each w °rd. To sane extent you have 

undoubtedly developed a "feel" for the position of this stress. Stress on 
a certain syllable of a word seems "natural". This reflects the fact that 
the position of the chief stress in Arabic words is almost completely auto¬ 
matic. Here are exampless 

PRACTICE ONE 


majHabtayn 

katabt 

gassalt 

✓ 

9aalay 

wilayaat 

walaw 

bi^yabii9 

✓ ' 
saafuu 

bisuuf 

'• ■ - r 

wilaayi 

btitwa? 

?ibnu 

y 0 

saafu 

✓ 


sini 


gassalit 


narHaba 


makana 


katabit 


Counting from the end. 

the chief stress on most words 


(double) vowel or vowel followed by two consonants. Notice that -ay or -aw 
at at the end of a word counts as a long vowel. If there is no such vowel 
(long or followed by two consonants) in the word, the chief stress is on the 
first syllable of the word. Since the position of the stress in most Arabic 
words is like this, it will not be indicated in the Aids to Listening from 
this Unit on. 

In words which do not have the chief stress in this automatic position, 
the stress will be marked as before. Examples* 





_ 8-2 
PRACTICE TWO 


byiftikir 

"he thinks" 


mansfita 

"her towel" 


V ' 

saafitun 

"she saw them" 


2 a Short Uo Arabic has* as you know* three 
In the particular dialect presented in Units 
Beirut* the short u is much less common than 
occurs most frequently in the syllable AFTER 
Examples 8 

PRACTICE THREE 

short (single) vowels % a 0 i* u. 
1=10* approximately that of 
the other two vowels. It 
the chief stress of the word. 

byaaxud 

he takes 


✓ 

mintm 

from them 


biHlu? 

I shave 


mnaakul 

we sat 


btitbux 

she cooks 


The short u almost never occurs stressed. Whenever you would expect a short 
u, as a regular feature of a certain pattern,, you will find a short i instead 
Examples % 


PRACTICE FOUR 


byaaxidna 

he takes us 


biHli?lak 

I shave (for) you 


* 

sifli 

see for me 



In the Arabic of some other areas in the Syrian Arabic region* the .short u 
occurs just as freely as the a and i* not only in such words as those given 
in Practice Four (byaaxudna* sufli* etc.)* but also in many words that are 
simply listed with short i in these Units (e«g« xibz* xubzg nisgg nu§s) 0 
Words which have this variation are given in the Cumulative Vocabulary of 
Unit 12 with a dotted u„ which indicates that in areas like Beirut the vowel 
is i 0 but that in certain other areas like parts of North Lebanon 0 the vowel 
is Uo 



8.3 


- 153 - 

Section C. Analysis 

Note 8*1 Verba . All Arabic verbs have Prefix and Suffix Tense and Canmand 
forms and they all have the same prefixes and suffixes. As you have seen, 
however, Arabic verbs show considerable variation in the structure of the 
stem. There are two general types of Arabic Verbs* (1) Verbs of which the 

stem consists simply of root plus pattern (-|ili 9 , yi$la 9 * saaf, isuuf; dall, 
idill; etc.). These will be called SIMPLE VERBS. (2) Verbs of which the 
stem consists of root plus pattern plus some other feature, such as doubling 
the second consonant (na£$laf, inajhjlif), long aa between the first and second 
consonant (saa 9 ad, isaa 9 id), -t- infix between the first and second consonant 
(stag^L, yistgil). etc. These will be called AUGMENTED VERBS. 

Simple verbs have two possible patterns in the Suffix Tense, with stem vowel 
a or i ($al£b s fihim). Augmented verbs have only one pattern in the Suffix 
Tense* with stem vowel a (sakkar, 3 aa 9 ad, stagal). 

Simple verbs have three possible patterns in the Prefix Tense, i.e. stem 
vowel a, i, or u (yismaH, ya9mil, yi$lub). Augmented verbs have only one 
pattern in the Prefix Tense, with stem vowel i (isakkir* isaa9^d, yiSgil). 

Simple verbs have three possible patterns in the Prefix Tense, i.e. stem 
vowel a, i, or u (yismaH, ya9n41, yiflub; inaam, iz£ib. iSuuf). Augmented 
verbs have stem vowel isaa9id, yisgil in the Prefix Tense. Augmented verbs 
which have the t- prefix have stem vowel a ^yit 9 allam, titwa??af, yit?axxar, 
etc.) 


In other words, for augmented verbs you have to learn only one form and you 
will know all the other forms*! With a simple verb you have to learn two 
forms so that you know the stem vowel of the Suffix Tense and the stem vowel 
of the Prefix Tense. From now on only the third person singular masculine 
form of the Suffix Tense will be given in Vocabularies for augmented verbs; 
for simple verbs this form will be given and in. parentheses after it will be 
the stem vowel of the Prefix Tense. Here are sample entries: 

l l 

yV Y Y i yy 

naissaf dry (nassaf "he dried"; inassif "he dries") 

t 9 allam learn (t 9 allam "he learned"? yit 9 allam "he learns") 

fataH (a) open (fataH "he opened"; yiftaH "he opens") 


talab (u) 


ask for (|alab "he asked for"; yijlub "he asks for") 


nizil li,a) go down 


(nizil "he went down"; yinzil, yinzal "he goes down") 


Note 8.2 Active participles. Study the underlined forms in the Basic 
Sentences of Units 1-8 given below* 

2.24 saayif ha^lbinaayi ...? 


2.30 niHna baa?yiin hawn 


Do you see that building? 
We°re staying here ... 









= 154 = 


8.4 


3*9 zaayi ta^yzuuy blaadna 0 

4.9 laazim ta9rif ti^bux ..„ 

4.32 •.. kaanit ?aa9di 9ind naas 
frinsaawiyyi. 

7.4 zim9it Imaa^yi £li9t 93^1^31* 

7.10 bi^zzabal lhawa naaHif . 

7 .26 ta?mi Ibinni wi^l?amii§ Ibayada 
Haa^riin Sii ? 

7.32 ?ana Haadra ya v 9aadil. 


He°s here to visit our country 0 

She has to know how to cook. 

... She was staying with French 
people. 

Last week I went up to the mountains. 

In the mountains the air is dry. 

Are my brown suit and the white shirt 
ready? 

I “unready a Adel. 


Each of these words has long a between the first and second consonants and i 
after the second consonant, has the regular feminine and plural forms of an 
adjective (Ft ending and -iin)» and is associated with a simple verb having 
the same root. Words of this kind will be called ACTIVE PARTICIPLES. The 
active participle of a simple verb is an adjective having the same root as 
the verb and having the pattern CaaCic. Its meaning is closer to that of 
English verb forms in -ing than to anything else, but the active participle 
of Arabic does not correspond exactly to any English form. 


As mentioned in Note 7°1 0 most Arabic roots consist of three consonants. 

Sane however seem to have a vowel in them. A root may have a vowel as its 
second component as in the root of verbs like naam, Saab, £aaf„ Such roots 
will be referred to as CVC roots. The active participle of a simple verb 
which has a CVC root ALWAYS HAS Y AS ITS SECOND CONSONANT. Thus, the active 
participles of naam 0 Saab, saaf are naayim 0 zaayib, saayif. Likewise an f 
root may have a vowel as its third component as in the roots of verbs like 
Hiki and 9aja. Such roots will be called CCV roots. The active participle 
of a simple verb which has a CCV root ALWAYS HAS Y AS ITS THIRD CONSONANT. 

Thus, the active participles of Hiki and 9a$a are Haaki (Haakyi, Haakyiin) 
and 9aa|i (9aa$yi 0 9aa|yiin). Here are further examples of active participles? 

1. naazliin 9 a ^ayruut zim9t zzaayi ? Are you going down to Beirut next 

week? 

2. la? jaal9iin 9a v ,zzabal. No, we°re going up to the mountains. 

3. Haa^i"! ?iidu b?iid xayyu u^siglun He°s gone partners with his brother 

9 aal ° and they°re doing fine. 

4- ma^tiHkL. ssitt naaymi. Don't talk. The lady 1 2 3 * 5 6 s asleep. 

5. ?ana baa?i hawn ha^zzim9a. I'm staying here this week. 

6. wa^a baayi9 kill xi<j£tu. He°s sold all his vegetables. 







- 155 - 


8.5 

7. kam salli ?aaxid ma9ak ? How many baskets are you t aking along? 

8. ?aaxid bint Hilw* ktiir. He's married (has taken) to a very 

nice girl. 

Notice that the active participle may refer either to the immediate present 
and near future (sentence 7) or to an action which has taken place in the 
past and the effect of which has continued to the present (sentence 8). 

These are two basic uses of the active participle. Notice also that in many 
cases an active participle corresponds to an English adjective (naayim * 
•sleeping" "asleep"; naalif * "drying* having dried" "dry"; gaali = "expen¬ 
sive"). 

Note 8.3 The morpheme -1- "to 0 for" is used in various ways and has several 
alternants. The use of ?il<= as an independent stem and 1(i)- as a noun 
prefix was described in Note 5*5* The use of -1- as a verb suffix was 
discussed in Note 4*4» this use will be summarized in this note. Study the 
following three groups of examples taken from the Basic Sentences of this 
and preceding Units. 


( 1 ) 

= 1 - suffix 


8.5 

xaffifli yaaha. 

Lighten it for me. 

5*33 

v 

ziibilli lkabbuut wi lbimayta... 

Bring me my hat and coat. 

8.12 

u^^milli lfir? 9azanb. 

And put the part on the side for me. 

8.15 

biHli?lak bi^sssf^a ?iza bitriid. 

I'll shave you with a safety razor 
if you want. 

8.16 

baddak farsiilak y»v,?istaaz ? 

Do you want me to brush you off, sir? 

7.25 

saayiflak tta?s mgayyaj. 

It looks as though the weather's 
changed. 

(2) 

-1- suffix with shortening of vowel 


3.10 ?iddays paplak hawn ? (faap - lak)How long have you been here? 

5.17 ziftli tnayn kiilu batnzaan... Weigh out two kilos of eggplants.,, 
(ziin - li) 

8.8 9muul ma9juuf ?illu lil booyazi... Please tell the bootblack... 

I?uul - lu) 

(3) -ill- suffix 

8.4 ?is sill i sa9ri u ba9dayn bsuuf. Cut my hair and then I'll see. 

> ■ S' 

8.10 bhi^tillak sayt sa9r yamma bass Shall T put on hair^fconie" far you 

mayy. Ofcjuat water. 



- 156 - 8.6 

4.22 haydi lbint Hi Hkiit illa k 9ana. This is the girl I spoke to you 

about. 

The suffix -1° "for” may be added to any verb form. This includes the 
command form (BS 8.12) and the active participle (BS 7*23)® If the verb 
form to which it is added ends in YVC, i.e. a long vowel followed by a 
consonants the long vowel is shortened (BS 3.10, 3*17)- If the long vowel 
is uu (BS 8.8)o the shortened vowel is -i-» not -u-, as explained in the 
Pronunciation Section of this Unit. Finally, the suffix has the alternant 
-ill- if (1) the verb form ends in a double consonant (BS 8.4, 8.10) or 
(2) the verb form end* in the -t "I", "you" suffix of the Suffix Tense 
(BS 4*22). 


\ 


-157- 


Note 8c.li m-nougq,. In addition to the various characteristic noun patterns 
there are several prefixes which occur in nouns; of these probahly the most 
common is mV- (usually ma-, sometimes mi- or rau= Study the following 


nouns which 

have appeared in Units 

M 

0 

00 


maktab 

office, desk 

Vktb 

writing 

ma§yaf 

summer resort 


sunmer 

maJ 9 am 

restaurant 

V$9m 

tasting, food 

mafra? 

intersection 

/fr? 

divide, separate, differ 

madrsi 

school 

Vdrg 

study 

mansfi 

towel, napkin 

Vn§f 

dry 

xnas?li 

question* matter 
for discussion 

Vs? 1 

asking 

ma 9 rfi 

acquaintance 

f *rf 

knowing 


These nouns are examples of two very coinn on types of m~nouns* The first 
consists of root plus the pattern (including the prefix 4 maCCaC) and such 


a noun usually denotes the place where the action denoted by the root takes 
place. Thus, maktab "a place where you write, a desk* an office"? ma^yaf 
"a place where you spend the summer"; ma£ 9 am "a place where you eat food". 
Other examples with roots you knows 


ma 9 mal 

factory 

/ 9 ml 

do, make 

masbaH 

swimming pool 

r sbH 

swim 

ma$bax 

kitchen 

/£bx 

cooking 


The second type consist of root plus the pattern maCCC plus the Ft ending. 

The meaning of these nouns varies considerably* Sometimes a noun of this 
type denotes a place (.madrsi), sometimes the tool or implement by which the 
action of the root takes place (manSfi)* sometimes the action of the root 
itself (mas?li, ma9rfi). Here is another example with a root you know* 

ma§bga laundry V§bg dyeing, painting 

(cf. teinturerie) 

The plural of both these noun types has the pattern mCaaCic* or maCaaCiC, 
although occasionally a regular plural^as -aat is also used for the Ft nouns. 
Thus* mkaatib, m^aayif, mdaaris, mnaasif. 




- 158 - 


/ 


8.8 


SECTION E. LISTENING IN 
Conversation 1. Meeting Abdullah on the. ropd^ 

F. nhaa^ak sa9iid yaj^abda^a. 

A. ?ahla v ,w 0 sahla ya >/ fu?aacL tfa^a^ safjifna. 

F. la? wa^a baddi fuuH 9®<^ssuu? u^istri &wayyit gfaacj. 

A. tta?s mniiH lyawm u^maobiftikir ^aH bitsatti. 

F. wayn §aani9tak 9 

^ bi xAbayt laazim tgassil u^tikwi^mbaariH na^afit l?aj$. 

F. daxlak kiif ?as9aaj* lxig^a ? bi?uulu lbatnzaan gaali ktiir. 

A. 9ind kamaan lxi£ja rxii§a wi^llaHmi nmiiHa. 

F. lyawm zzim9a ma^baakul laHmi laakin lHadd mayti badda $a9mil kuuaa miHsi. 
A. sabt zzaayi ?iza kaan fii sawb hawn badna ni1jla9 9a^ziabal. 

F. niHna mnif tikis n$a^ hawn wi^n^uuH nisbaH. 

A. ?immi ujjayyi Saayiin izuupiuna bitHibb tSaj^ifna ?inti u^^tak ? 

F. mna9mil kill zihdna minHibb nsuufun u^it9arraf 9layun. 

A. ?aJ4a ikuun ma9ak. 

F. ?a^a yiHfa$ak w^ixalliik nsa^a. 

Conversation 2, A shopkeeper and his friend Jfahmud. 

M. f^abii9 ha^ssini Hiln ktiir. 

D. rjabii9 bitjaablug mafii ?aHla minnu. kill nnaaa bit?uul hayk. 
baddkun tfayyofu bma^H x^uuai ha^ayf ? 

M. n?a}Ja faad raH ni$la9 9a s/ baarrl wi^nma^i aahrayn. majti bitHibb 
mgaayif ssmaal. 

D* wayn jaayiH ha11a? ? 

tta?s j^uubi laazim tHi$t bijnay^a ?aHla ma^taaxud bard. 

M. kill zim9tayn b?i§§ sa9ri u^bistri swayyit graaij. 



8.9 


-159- 

D. ?ana biHlu? bbayti 9indi muus $ayyib. 

M. u^?ana biHlu? bilbayt kamaan laakm bfa^il ?iHlu? bissaf^a. 

bass jnuH 19ind lHillaa? b?illu 19ali yigbigli ^ibbaati. 

D. ?ana ba9rfu 19ali. huuwi booya&i 9aal, 

bi^lxariif byirza9 9a^baytu bzihhaat zznuub. 

fii xawaaza ?ingliizi ?iza lhawn ha,zzim9 bta9rfu ? 

M. laa hayda ?amarkaani Us^?aa9id hawniik bbayt slaymaan. 

D. kill yawm 9a vy buk| , a byinzal 19indi 9a v 4dikkaan wi^byistri xi^ra. 
M. huwwi ?istaaz bi^lmadrsi u^byighap ?innu mit9allim. 

smaHli §aa£ laazim ?irza9 9a >- ,lbayt. t?axxarna. 

D. ma^ssalaami. 


Note 8,. 5 Fonnalas. The formula bi^Hyaatak or wi^/Hyaatak "by your life" is 
used either (1) with a friendly request, roughly equivalent to English "come 
on and do ..." or "how about doing ..." or (2) with an offer of service, 
equivalent to English "please", "you must". Examples of the first usage are 
found in Basic Sentences 8.2 and 8.19. Here is an example of the second usei 

A. tfa^da^. Please, go ahead, (telling someone to go ahead 

of him, e.g. through a door). 

E. mav/bi§iir. No, you go first. ("It can't happen.") 

A. bi^Hyaatak ya^fu?aad. Go on, Fuad, please. 

The formula na9iiman is used in addressing someone who has just been 
refreshed in some way (other than by food). The must usual situations are: 
after a haircut, shave, or bath, or after waking up from sleep. In the 
Basic Sentences of this Unit 8.17was said by the barber to his customer when 
he finished with him; sentence 8^34 was said by the wife to her husband when 
he emerged from his bath. Notice that this formula (dyadic), expecting a 
response, but that in the interchange between wife and husband the response 
was omitted. (?a^aj yin9im 91ayk is the response to >fn9m. Thus, for 
example it is possible to reply to na9am with this response, although it 
serves most frequently as response to na9iiman. 

Notice that ?istaaz means "professor" but is also frequently used as a term 
of address, often by a shopkeeper or tradesman to a customer, usually to a 
fairly well-to-do gentleman, Arab or European, dressed in Western clothes. 




- 160 - 8.10 

Section G,, Vocabulary 


?aHla 

sweeter, nicer 

Himmaam (pi Himmamaat) 

1 bath 

?aHla - verb 

so that 

kabbuut (p! kbaabiit) 

coat - 




overcoat 

?alb (]3l ?luub) 

heart 





kahraba (M) 

electricity 

?amii^ (F; jxl ?imsaan)Shirt 



• 


kalsaat (pi; sg rare? 


(i) 

cut 

(kalsi Ft) 


Tajaan (no jjl) 

water heater 

kawwa (no pi) 

laundryman 

bayija (a^j, F) 

white 

la?at (a) 

catch 

binni (ad j) 

coffee-colored. 

lammaQ 

make gleam. 

i 

brown 


polish 

biynay^a (Ft* pi 

hat 

liifi (Ft* £l liyaf) 

fiber bath 

b^aanij) 



sponge 

booyazi (pi 

bootblack 

m?a§§ (ai rares 

scissors 

booyaziyyi) 


m?a§§aat) 


glahap (a) 

come out-o appear 

makana (Ft) 

machine 

farsa (ifar£i) 

brush 

mansfi (Ft* mnaasif) 

towel, napkin 

fir? (jdI fruu?a) 

separation. 

v-V 

massat 

comb 


difference, part 




(in hair) 

muus )p r l mwaas) 

knife, straight 




razor 

Haa^ir iad.i) 

ready 





nassaf 

dry 

Habiib (jal Hbaayib) 

sweetheart, dear 





na9iiman (fla) 

may it be to 

Hadd (ad.i) 

sharp 


your comfort 



Rs (?al^a) yin9im 91 ayk 

Ha<|£a£ 

make ready^ 



o v \*G+~£> 

prepare 

nisi (a) 

forget 

Hala? (u) 

shave (=>1-) 

ra?bi (Ft* r?aab) 

neck 

Hanafiyyi (Ft) 

faucet, tap 

razwi (Ft) 

hope 

Ha^ab (coll) 

wood for fuel 

razwit ?albi 

(my) darling 

Hayaat (Ft*) 

life 

sakkar 

close, turn 

bUFJyaatak or wi^Jlyaatak please,, 


off 


indeed (see Note 

si*n (ad.i) 

hot (of things) 




faabuun (coll) 

_i6i " 8.11 
soap 9ali (pers name) Ali 

§abag (i) 

paint, dye, 
polish (shoes) 

§ibbaa$ (jjl sbaabiit) 

pair of shoes 

saf$*a (Ft) 

(safety)razor 
blade 

sa9r (coll) 

hair 

sa99al 

kindle* light 

ta?m (also $a?m: pi 
$?uumi, t?uumi) 

suit of clothes 

taba9 

belong to 

t.H«mriATn 

take a bath 

tyaab (jjl: sg rare; 
tawb) 

clothes 

xaaf (a) 

be afraid (min "of*, 

9a *for") 

xaayif minnu 

afraid of him 

xaayif 9lay 

afraid for him, 
worried about him 

xaffaf 

lighten, lessen 


xzaani (Ft* £l xzaayin cabinet* closet 
or xzaanaat) 


yaH 

here is 

yaHHu (wwi) 

here he is 

yaHHi (yyi) 

here she is 

yaHHinn(i) 

here they are 

zayt (p! zaytaat 
or zyuut) 

oil 

zanb (jgl 

side 

y 

zibraan (pers name) 

Gibran 




PART TWO 


-162- 


UNIT 9 


AT THE DOCTOR °S 

- . 

Section Basic Sentences 

1. Good morning* Omar. §abaaH Ixayr ya^umaj-. 

2. Good morning, Abdul Majid. yis9ud fabaaHak yaj^abd lmaziid. 

appearance hay?a; 

the matter with you baak 

3* You don°t look well. What°s the hay?tak mis mabsuut. suu baak ? 
matter with you? 

having a cold mrassaH 


ip. Oh, I°ve had a cold for two weeks.wa^a §aj*li zim9tayn mrassaH. 


ruiiag Haakim 

Pa ln waza9 

5. And I°ve had a bad headache. u^Haakimni waza9 $aas. 

turn diir 

attention, mind baal 

you get tired tit9ab 

6. You have to take care of yourself laazim ddiir baalak lHaalak u 

and not tire yourself out. ma^tit9ab ktiir. 


resting 

7« I°ve been resting at home for 
a week. 

some 

rules 


mirtaaH 

§afli zim9a mirtaaH bi^bayt. 

ba9^ 

byiHkam 


difficulty 


9isr 


8 . 


digestion 


ha£m 


But sometimes I have indigestion, bass ba9£ l?aw?aat byiHkamni„9isr 

ba£m. 


I cough 


bis9ul 





9- 


10 . 


ll. 


12 . 


13 - 

14 . 


15. 

16. 


-163- 


9.2 


And 1 cough a little 
I decided 

doctor or physician 
he tests 

I decided to come to the doctor's 
and get examined. 

important or serious 

It certainly isn't anything 
serious. 

doctor 

tailor 

In any case Dr. Taylor is a 
good doctot*. 

he takes care 

And he'll take good care of you. 

I hope so. 
clinic 

What brings you to this clinic? 

There's nothing the matter with 
me. Thank GodJ 


u bis 9 ul swayyi. 

?arrart 

Hakiim 

yifHaf 

?arrart ?izi 19ind lHakiim yifHasni. 

mhixnm 

m?akkad ma fii sii mhinan 

daktuur 

xayyaa^ 

9a^ kill Hall daktuur xayyaa$ daktuur 
mniiH. 

byi 9 tini 

u v huwwi byi9tini fiik mniiH. 
bit?aimial hayk. 

9 iyaadi 

suu zaayabak ?inti 9 a^ha^l 9 iyaadi ? 
ma bini sii, nisku£ ?a^a. 


I ask 

17. I'm here to ask the doctor 
about my brother. 

night 

he woke up 

18. Last night he woke up with a 
pain in his right side. 

hospital 

19 . The doctor sent him right to 
the hospital. 


?is?al 

zaayi ta x /?is?al lHakiim 9an xayyi. 

layli 

faa? 

lay lit lmaa^yi faa? 9 a v ,waza 9 bizandu 
lyamiin. 

mistasfa 

ddaktuuj waddaa digri 9 a^lmistasfa. 


‘j* 




-164- 


9-3 


appendix zaydi 

20« He J s afraid he has appendicitis huwtoi xaayif la^ykuun maQn zzaydi. 
(the appendix)o 

operation Q anw 1 i yyl 

21o So they 0 11 operate on him. ?izan byi9mluulu 9amaliyyi. 

22 . I hope he comes through all right*nsa^a 9 a s ,salaami. 


^3« Good mornings doctor. 

24- Good morning. Come in„ please. 

25. Everything°s all right I hope* 
Tell me what the trouble is. 

it hurts 

26 . I°ve had a cold for two weeks 
and my head aches. 

27 . I°d like you to examine me. 

stretch 

tongue 

28. Put out your tongue. 

take off 

29 . Take off your clothes and 
I°ll see. 

30. Lie down. Take a breath. 

turn 

back 

31. Turn over on your back. 

breathe 
get up 

32o Breathe again.. Get up. 

33 « What°s the result 0 doctor? 


nhaa^ak sa9iid ya^Hakiim. 

nhaaj-kum sa 9 iid wi^mbaarak* tfa^a^ 

fuut. 

xayr nsa^a. ?illi luu baak. 
byuuza 9 

?iii zim 9 tayn mrassaH ujayuuza 9 ni 

£assi. 

baadi yaak tifHa§n^. 
midd 
lsaan 

midd Isaanak. 

^laaH 

slaaH tyaabak ta^uuf. 

tla??aH. xuud nafas. 

?luub 

?ahj* 

?luub 9as4ah£ak. 
tnaffas 
?uum 

tnaffas map^a taanyi. ?uum. 

suu nnatiizi fi ya^daktuuj ? 


-165- 


grippe 

34* You have the grippe Abdul Majid. 

35* Go home and put on a hot water 
bottle. 

prescription 

36. I'll give you a prescription, 
pill 

37• Take two pills before you go 
to bed. 

38. Thank you* doctor. Goodbye. 

39• Goodbye. 


bu^rrikab 

ma9ak bu^rrikab ya^abd lmaziid. 
fuuH 9aJLbayt u^i^ kiis mayy sixni. 

jnusatta 

bi9^iik fuusatta. 

Habbi 

xuud Habbtayn ?abl maytnaam. 

mitsakkir ya^aktuuj bxaajrak. 
ma9 ssalaami. 


I 


-166- 



9-5 


Section Ba Pronunciation 

l a Short vowels next to Ho 9. Just as long aa is affected by a neighboring 
H or 9 (as discussed in Pronunciation 7«l)o you have undoubtedly noticed 
that the quality of short vowels is also affected„ 

Short a next to H or 9 sounds something like the "a" in "hat". 

PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE ONE 


9a mm 

uncle 

tit9ab 

you get tired 

t9allamt 

you learned 

9an 

from 

Babb 

loved 

sa9r 

hair 

baHr 

ocean 

byismaH 

permits 

bta9mil 

you maite 


Short i next to H or 9 sounds something like the "e" in "bet". 

PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE TWO 
difficulty 
love 
price 

speaks byi 9 tini tends 
made 

at the place of 

Noticeo however„ that when fl in addition to the H or 9„ there is a heavy- 
consonant nearby 0 the sound of the a and i is slightly different. The a 
is almost like the "o" of "lot" and the i is something like the "u" of 
"but"o 


9 isr 

Hibb 

si9r 

byiHki 

9 imil 

9 ind 








-167- 

PRQNUNCIATI ON PRACTICE THREE 


9.6 


ma^9am 

restaurant 

|iHHa 

health 

*sa9b 

difficult 

*£i9t 

I got lost 

$li9t 

I went up 


2. Interchange of w and u . In certain cases u is found where you might 
expect a w. Specifically, if you would expect the combination wC at the 
beginning, of a word or Cw at the end of a word or the combination CwC in 
the middle of a word, you find u instead of w. For example: 


{wc? - CCaaC plural pattern 

(wraa ? 

actual 

u^aa? 

meaning 

papers 

>fwld - • * 

(wlaad) . 

ulaad 

children 

{Hlw - CiCC adjective " 

(Hilw) 

Hilu 

sweet 

vTrwH - maCCC-T m-noun " 

(majwHa) 

ma^uHa 

fan 

>Twsi - CCiC -t verb ■ 

(wsjilt) 

u^ilt 

I arrived 


The same interchange takes place with y and i, that yC at the beginning of 
a word is iC, Cy at the end of a word is Ci, and CyC in the middle of a word 
is CiC. The most frequent example of this is the y- prefix of the Prefix 
Tense, and in the Active Participle of CCV verbs. 


y - suuf ■ 

expected 

(ySuuf) 

actual 

iSuuf 

meaning 

sees 

y - wa??if = 

(ywa??if) 

iwa??if 

stops 

sftikV - CaaCiC • 

(Haaky) 

Haaki 

speaking 


Notice that i or u at the beginning of a word standing for a y or w HAS NO 
GLOTTAL STOP before it. Words of this kind are the only words in Arabic 
that begin with a vowel. 





9.7 


■= 168 - 

Section Co Analysis 

Note 9 -q 1 As you have learned# Arabic verbs all have the same prefixes and 
suffixes. They differ only in the structure of the stem. In simple verbs 
there are two kinds of variation in the stem. First the stem vowels vary. 

The stem vowel of the Suffix and Prefix Tenses must be learned for each 
simple verbo The other kind of variation depends on the structure of the root. 
For example# all verbs with CVC roots share certain peculiarities„ all verbs 
with roots of which the second and third consonant are alike have certain 
peculiarities# and so on. You already know the prefixes and suffixes. As 
soon as you master the variation depending on root-strueture 0 which will be 
discussed in Units 9-11 you will understand the whole verb system of Arabic. 
Then when you learn the stem vowels of a new verb# you will automatically 
know all the forms of the verb. Thus# the Arabic verb system is more 
regilar than the English verb system (think of take* took? sing# sang? can# 
couldi bring# brought? etc.) 

(1) CVC verbs. All verbs with CVC roots have CaaC in the Suffix Tense as 
the third person stem and CiC for the first and second person stem. 


naam 

naamit 

naamu 

nimt 

nimti 

nimtu 

nimna 

saal 

saalit 

saalu 

silt 

siiti 

siltu 

silna 

kaan 

kaanit 

kaanu 

kint 

kinti 

kintu 

kinna 

All verbs 

with CVC roots have 

the stem CWC in the Prefix 

Tense. 

The 


particular vowel must be learned with each verb. 


naam 

tnaam 

tnaami 

tnaamu 

inaam 

inaamu 

tnaam 

nnaam 

siil 

tsiil 

tsiili 

tsiilu 

isiil 

isiilu 

tsiil 

n^iil 

kuun 

tkuun 

tkuuni 

tkuunu 

ikuun 

ikuunu 

tkuun 

nkuun 


Here is a list of all the simple verbs with CVC roots that you have learned 
in Units 1-9# listed according to their Prefix Tense stem. 


A 


I 


U 

naam sleep 

bii9 

sell 

?uul 

say 

xaaf be afraid 

diir 

turn 

?uum 

get up 


fii? 

wake up 

fuu? 

wake up 




kuun 

be 





9.8 



-169- 



fiir 

become 

£UUH 

go 

siil 

remove 



ziin 

weigh 

suuf 

see 

ziib 

bring 

ZUU£ 

visit 

9iid 

repeat 




Notice that faa? "wake up" has either fii? or fuu? in the Prefix Tense. 

(2) CC2C2 verbs. All verbs with roots of which the second and third 
consonants are alike (i.e. CC2C2) have in the Suffix Tense, CaCC as the 
third person stem and CaCCay- as the first and second person .stem. 

madd maddit maddu 

maddayt maddayt maddayna 


maddayti' 

maddaytu 

All verbs with CC2C2 roots have the stem CVCC in the Prefix Tense. Only 
a very few verbs have the stem CACC; almost all of them have the stem CiCC. 

In areas which have stressed short u many of these verbs have CuCC stems. 

Here is a list of all the CC2C2 verbs you have learned in Units 1-9, 
arranged according to the stem vowel. 


A. 

£a^ stay, keep on 


I 


?i§§ 

cut 

dill 

direct 

himm 

concern 

Hibb 

love, like 

Hi« 

put 

midd 

stretch out 

ridd 

give back 



= 170 “= 9*9 

(1) wCC and ?CC verbs. Simple verbs with wCC roots 0 that is of which 
the first consonant of the root is w 0 have a long uu in place of this w 
in the Prefix Tense 0 Like other verbs they have various stem vowels? 

The two verbs you have had both have a (yuu§a^„ yuuza9)* Here is the 
set of forms of ^wslg 

?uu§al tuuga^ yuu§a^ tuuga^ nuu^a^ 

tuusali yuuga^u 

tuugaju 

In the Suffix Tense they behave like other verbs* For example„ they may 
have stem vowel a (wa&a9) or stem vowel i (wi§il). In the forms which drop 
the i of the first syllable 0 u appears in place of w 0 as explained in the 
Pronunciation Section of this Unit. Here are the full sets of forms of the 
two verbs you have had? 


wa£a9 

waza9it 

waza9u 

wigil 

wiglit 

wiglu 

waza9t 

waza9t 

wa/a9na 

ugilt 

ujfilt 

u^ilna 


waza9ti 

waza9na 


ugilti 



waza9tu 



ugiltu 



Two simple verbs with ?CC roots have certain peculiarities,, which are very 
similar to the peculiarities of the wCC verbs discussed above* These verbs 
have a long aa in place of the ? of the root in the Prefix Tense* 

?aaxud taaxud yaaxud taaxud naaxud 

taaxdi yaaxdu 

taaxdu 

Both these verbs„ in the dialect presented here 0 have stem vowel a in the 
Suffix Tense and have forms like those of any three consonant simple verb. 

The forms given in this note are the most usual ones 0 but in various areas 
of the Syrian Arabic region other forms are used. For example 0 instead 
of yuujiaJ and yaaxud you may hear yawsa^ yiga^ 0 yuugaa^„ yixid„ yaaxid. 



9.io 


-171- 

^ote 9 Study the following plural forma which hare been presented 
in Units 1-9 s 


A. 

V 

sams 

sun 

Imaas O. bayt 

house 

byuut 


walad 


£ah$* 

back 

$huup 


son 

ulaad Ha?? 

right 

H,uu? 


zabal 

mountain 

zbaal Hadd 

Sunday 

Hduud 




sams 

sun 

amms 


darzi 

step 

draaz ta?s 

ritual 

t?uus 


map^a 

time 

mpaaj* zayt 

oil 

zyuut 


ra?bi 

neck 

£?aab 



salli 

basket 

slaal Habbi 

pill 

Hbuub 


war?a 

ticket 

u^aa? 



zi2&9a 

week 

ioaa9 ?irs 

piastre 

?ruus 


ni§§ 

half 


half 

n§uu§ 


n§aas 



Baal 

state 

Hwsal D. sabt 

Saturday 

sbuuti 


kiis 

bag 

kyaas ta?m 

suit 

tTuumi 


JOUUS 

knife 

mwaas 






fir? 

part 

Fruu?a 

B. 

xabar 

news 

?axbaar 




wa£a9 

pain 

?aw£aa9 




si9r 

price 

?as9aaf 




One of the most common noun plural patterns in Arabic is CCWC, that is a 
long rowel between the second and third consonants. The rowel is most 
often aa, somewhat less often uu* and rery rarely ii. Examples are giren 
under A and C abore. The CCWC pattern is also a basis for other plural 
patterns* that is* many plural patterns hare a long rowel (most often aa) 
between the second and third consonants and some other feature or features 
in addition such as a Ft ending (see the examples under D abore) or a 73- 
prefix (see examples under B). In fact* plural patterns with a long rowel 
between the second and third consonants (with or without some additional 
feature) make up the majority of Arabic plurals* Think for example of 
plurals like CCaaCiC (see Note 7.) or dakaatra (j^l cgf daktuu|-), and so on. 

The plural pattern CCWC without any additional feature usually is asso¬ 
ciated with one of the following singular patterns s CVCC, CVCVC, CVCC 
plus Ft ending. This could be symbolized CVC(V)C(-t), See the examples 
under A and C abore. 







-172- 



9.11 


Section E» Listening In 
Conversation !„ At Abdallah°s barber shop, 
nhaayak sa9iid ya v 9abda^a. 
nhaajak sa9iid wiunbaa^ak* Iwayn jaayiH ? 

wa^Ja miftikir ?inzal I9ind IHakiim §arli zim9a byiHkamni waza9 |*aas. 
slaamtak ya^?aniis 9 ?iltillak minzamaan ddiir baalak lHaalak m/tirtaaH. 
ma^bistigil ktiir„ xayyi ?aa9id biddikkaan bisaa9id mafti. 
bitHibb juuH nja9ak 9av4.9iyaadi ? 

mannuunak ktiin» bass 9iadak naas mistanniin i?i§§u sa9run. 

$ayyib 9nmil llinaasbak u^^iini nnatiizi bass tirza9« 
bxaatjak ya^abda^a, 

9a v/ salaami > nsa^a ya?aniis. 

Conversation 2„ At the doctor°s 0 
§abaah Ixayr ya^daktuur. 
xayr nsa^a ya^?aniis„ 

bijlyaatak ya^daktuujo Baddi yaak tifHa§ni. 
fayli zim9a ma v bi?dir naam mn v l.waza9. 

xalliini ?ifHa§ak. 

slaaH tyaabak wi w ,tla??aH 9ao^.ahjak 8 

tnaffas 0 roafja taanyi„ Tuum. 

✓ 

suu bini ya^aktuu^? 
mas?aHak ba^ii\a„ 

xuud ha^rrusatta u^naam bakkiir kill layli„ 

kint xaayif ikuun ma9i zzaydi« 
ujmin^saan hayk masguul baalio 

byun£a9ak raasako ujsanbak lyamiin ma^bidaay?ak<. 

?izan mas/byilzamak 9amaliyyi wala bitjuuHo 
9a v lmistasfa o 

&uxL laazim ?i9mil bass ?uu^aj 9a^bayt ? 






-173- 


9.12 


?illa lmartak tHi^illak kiis mayy sixni. 

u v/ ba9dayn kuul lii xafiif ?aHla ma^yiHkamak 9isr ha£m. 

suu mismiHli ?aakul ? 

kuul sawjba, rizz. bass ma^taakal laHmi. 

tajyib ya N> Hakiim raH ?i9mil mitl ma ?iltilli. 

u^iza §arlak sii mia, xabbir/li u^?ana bruuH bzuu^ak 9a^lbayt. 

bi^Hyaatak salllmli 9a v ^mart ddaktuur u^lulaad. 

uJPinti sallim 9aJL9ayli. 

bxaajjak ya^/Haki imna . 

ma9 ssalaami ya^Taniis. 




-174- 

Section G. Vocabulai^y 


9.13 


?aam (u) get up 8 rise# stand Habb (colli £,1 Hbuub small round object 

up 2L Habbaat) (such as grain, 

pill 8 etc.) 


?alab (u) 

turn over 

Hikim (a) 

happen to 

?arrar 

decide 

byiHkamni waza9 raasi I have a 




headache 

ba~/bi“ 

the matter with 




(se Note 9 . 4 ) 

lakaan 

then, so 

baal 

attention,, mind 

layl (coll.?, pi 

night 



laylaat pp lyaali) 


diir baalak 

be careful, pay 




attention 

Isaan (pi lsaanaat) 

tongue 

ba9£ 

some 

madd (i) 

stretch out 




extend 

ba9£ l?aw?aat 

sometimes 





maziid 

glorious 

ba9Jl Imarraat 

sometimes 




9abd Imaziid (pers name) 

bu^rrikab (see rikbi) 

slave of the Glorious One 

daar (i) 

turn 

mhimm (ad,! ) 

seriousa important 

daar Ibaal 

pay attentiono be 

mirtaaH (adj) 

resting, comfortable 


careful 





mistasfa (M pi mistasfayaat) hospital 

daktuur (pi dasaatra) doctor 



.. W 


mrassaH 

having a cold. 

dawa (pi ?iduyi) drug, medicine 


candidate for public 

t'f.t M 1 



office 

£ah£ (pi dhuur) 

back 





mrii£ (ad.i) 

sick 

faa? (i, u) 

wake up 





nafas (pi ?anfaas) 

breath 

faHag (a) 

test, examine 





rikbi (Ft* pi 

neck 

ha£m 

digestion 

rikbaat 0 rikah, rkaab) 

9isr ha£m 

indigestion 

bu rrikab 

grippe 

hay?a (Ft) 

appearance 

rusatta (Ft) 

prescription 

hay?tak 

you look 

sa?al (a) 

ask 

Hakiim (pi Hikma)learned man 0 

layal (u) 

cough 


doctor 





salaH (a) 

take off 


(clothes) 






-175- 

9.14 

ti9ib (a) 

get tired 

9amaliyyi (Ft) 

operation 

tla??aH 

lie down 

9isr 

difficulty 

tnaffas 

breathe 

9isr hadm 

indigestion 

waza9 (jd! ?awzaa9) pain 

9iyaadi (Ft) 

clinic 

waz«9 (a) 

xiyyaa} (j£ 

hurt 

tailor 

9 tana 

tend# take care of 

(fi-) 

xiyyaa^iin) 

zaydi (Ft) 

9abd 

9abd lsa&id 
slave of the 

appendix 

slave 

(pers name) 
Glorious One. 

9umar (vers naige) 

Omar 


-176- 


9-15 


Note 9.6 Formulas . A few new formulas appear in this Unit 0 most of them 
having to do with the general subject of health. 

* 

(1) xayr nsa^a means* in effect 9 "I hope it°s good news." 
said by a doctor to a person who has come to see him. It is 
exampleo when someone receives a letter or phone call and is 
by the person himself or by another person on the scene. 

(2) The word salaami or slaami* which you learned in Unit 1 in the 
expression ma9 ssalami "goodbye"* is used in a variety of formulas. 

Here are a fewg 

nsa^Ja 9a salaami or 9a slaami nsa^Ja means "I hope it turns out 
all right" and is said when you hear of some difficulty or danger 
someone is going to face <== usually in connection with his health. 

Hamdilla 9a salaami means "I'm glad it turned out all right." It 
is said when someone has come through some difficulty or danger 
successfully* most often when someone recovers from sickness or 
returns from a dangerous* or simply a long voyage. 

slaamtak "to your health" is said to a sick person* sometimes in 
the course of conversation* sometimes as a farewell. 

For all these formulas containing salaami ( /aim) the response 
?a^a isallmak (echoic to film) is appropriate. 

(3) Another equivalent of English "thank you" appeared in the Basic 
Sentences 8 mitsakkir. Notice it contains the root which you have found 
in |akar (u) "thank" and in sukran "in gratitude s thank you". The word 
mitsakkir*is not as common as some of the other equivalents of "thank you" 
you have learned* but it is becoming more popular* especially among Moslems. 

(4) The regular way of saying "com© in" when somebody knocks or rings or 
is passing by is tfaj£a^ fuut. 


Here it is 
used, for 
said either 




PART TWO 


-177- 


UMIT 10 


The Post Office 


bvruj^a^i 


mailman 

1 ® What time does the mailman come? 
usually 
distributes 
mail 

2 , He usually distributes the mail 
at 9 a®m. 

3® Here he comes 5 , 
letter 

4. Any letter for me? 
registered 

6 . Yes, there 5 s a registered letter 
for you. 

sign 

hand (verb) 

6 . You 5 11 have to sign here before 

I can give it to you. (Sign here 
so I can hand it over to you.) 

without a stamp 

7. But it came (to you) without a 
stamp? give me (us) twenty 
piastres. 

hands 

8 . Thank you, Selini® 

9. You*re welcome, sir. 
draft 

financial 


?ayya saa9a byiti Ibuuj^atfi? 

9aadatan 

biwassi9 

buuj^a or bariid 

9aadatan biwazzi9 libuujja ssaa9a 
tis9a 9a bukpu 

yaHHu zaayi® 

maktuub 

?ili sii maktuub? 
msawgaj 

na9am ?ilak maktuub msawgar 0 
mjii 

sallim 

m£i hawn ta^sallmak yaa. 

mtakkas 

bass zaayiik mtakkas® 

9-^iina 9isriin ?irs. 

dayyaat 

sallim dayyaatak ya^saliim® 
tikyam yajcawaaza. 

Hwaali 

maali 


-178“ 

10o Where do I send a money order? 
third 
window 

11. The third window on your left® 
Africa 

12 I want t® s@nd a money ©rd@r t® 
my brother in Africa. 

value 

13. How much is it for? 

14e Fifty pounds 0 
fill 

money (plural) 

15. Fill out this form and bring 
the money. 

receipt 

16. Here^s the receipt D sir 0 
stamps 

letters 

17. Give ms two pounds worth of 
postage stamps 

(stamps of letters). 

fiscal stamps 

18o And a pound and a half°s worth 
of fiscal stampso 

airplan® 

19. I want this letter sent (send for 
me this letter) to America by 
plan®. 

putting (fern) 


10.2 

wayn flinl ?ib9at Hwaali maaliyyi? 

taalit 

ilibbaak 

taalit sibbaak 9a Kmaalak 
?afrii?ya 

baddi ?ib9at Hwaali Ixayyi 
b?afrii?ya® 

?iimi 

?iddays fiimita? 
xamsiin liija 0 
9abbi 

misriyyaat 

9abbi halwar?a ujiiib Imisriyyaato 

hayda IwajJ, yajxawaala. 

waya? buul 

mkaatiib 

9^iini bliirtayn waja? buul 

lilmkaatilb. 

buul tamiiri 

wiublii^a^w^aijj buul ?amiiri. 
$iyyaaya 

waddiili halmaktuub bi^iyyaa^a 
9a ^ tamaarka 0 


-179- 


addrees 

exact 0 correct 

20* Have you put the address on 
correctly? 

mark, teach 

envelope 

atmospheric 

21. Of course p and mark the envelope 
airmail for me. 

packages 

22. Is this where you send packages? 
(Do they send packages from here?) 

fifth 

window 

23. Nop go to the fifth window. 
Damascus 

24. I want to send this package to 
Damascus. 

25. How much does it costs 
ordinary, usual, custom 

26. Do you want to send it ordinary 

mail? 

27. The first kilo for ten piastres, 
extra 

28. And six peastres for every 
additional kilo. 

gathered, total 


10.S 

9inwaan 

maShuut 

Haalj^a 19inwaan ma^huu^? 

9allim 

mgallaf 

iawwi 

walawp u u 9allimli limgallaf 
bariid ifcawwi© 

bi?a)f or bakaat 

min hawn byib9atu lbi?az? 

x a amis 
ijaa?a 

laa, ruuH 9a^1jaa?a Ixaamsio 
s^aam 

baddi ?ib9at halbi?zi 9aus£aam. 

?iddays bitkallif? 

9aadi 

baddak tib9ata bbuuj^a 9aadi? 

?awwil kiilu b9a)(r ?ruu^, 

zyaadi or zaayid 

uukill kiilu t&zzaayid bsitt 
?ruuS? 

ma/muu9 



=■180“ 


10<>4 


29 0 How much is it all together? 
rents (from someone) 
box 

30 o 1 want to rent a post office box 

a year,, 

rent 9 pay 

31o What»s the charge for it per year? 
32 e Twelve and a half pounds e 
key 


?iddays Xma&rnuu9© 

yista?Mr 

sanduu? or sanduu? 

baddi ?ista?£ir sanduu? buusta 
9a sinio 

?i$ra 

J 

?iddays ?i£rtu biussini© 
tna9&r liira.jw u niss<> 
miftaaH 


33 • And I want two keys with it 0 
telegram 
urgent 0 rapid 


Uobaddi ma9u miftaaHayn© 

talgraaf 

mista9lil 


ministry 
foreign affairs 


wizaara 

xaarziyyi 


34 0 I want to send a telegram “urgent” baddi ?ib9at talgraaf mista9iil 
to the Dept© of State in Washington,, Iwizaarit Ixaarziyyi bwasntan© 


35o There are twenty-five words © 

36 © How much will that / be? 
fold 
double 

37© ^Urgent” will cost you doubleo 
shift 
embassy 

38. Charge it to the American 


fii xamsl UM9isriin kilmi© 
?iddays byitla9 91ay? 

taa? 

duubl 

mistaSzil bikallfak taa? duubl© 
Hawwil 

safaara 

* 

Hawwila 9a w ssafaa^a l?amarkiyyi 0 




-181- 


10.5 


Section C. Analysis 


Note 10.1 Ordinal numbers « Study the following underlined examples of 
ordinal numbers which have occurred in the Basic Sentences of this and 
previous Unites 

2. dar^i ?uula yarnma darJfi taanyi ? First or second class? 

2. ...wa??if 9a ?awwil buwwaabit Hadiid... Stop at the first iron gate. 

4. haydi tawwll maipra bitpik lbayt. This is the first time I«m leaving home. 

10.11 taalit sibbaak 9a ^maalak. The third window on your left 0 

10.27 ?awwil kiilu b9a^r ?ruus. The first kilo for ten piastres. 

10.23 laa p ruuH 9a ttaa?a Ixaamsi . No p go to the fifth window. 

The Arabic word for "first* is ?awwil (F ?uula) and the ordinal numbers from 
* second" to "tenth" have the same root as the corresponding cardinal numbers 
you have learned plus the pattern CaaCiC*, which is also the pattern of the 
active participle of simple verbs (see Note 7.) Here are the formsg 


H 

F 

PI 


?awwil 

?uula 

?uwal 

first 

taani 

taayni (taani) 

taan(y)iin 

second 

taalit 

taalti 

taaltiin 

third 

raabi9 

raab9a 

raab9iin 

j 

fourth 

xaamis 

xaamsi 

xaamsiin 

fifth 

saadis 

saadsi 

saadsiin 

sixth 

saab!9 

saab9a 

saab9iin 

seventh 

taamin 

taamni 

taamniin 

eighth 

taasi9 

taas9a 

taas9iin 

ninth 

9aa£ir 

9aa^ra 

* 

9aasriin 

9aasriin 

Notice that the 

root for "six" stt 

has the alternant /sds in the 


•sixth* . There are very few examples of such root alternation in Arabicj 
in general„ roots are extremely stable. Notice also that 9aasra 'tenth (F) 
is similar to 9asra 'ten®. 






-1S2- 


10® 6 


They® are no ordinal numbers in colloquial use for numbers abov® twenty 0 and 
the ordinals from ’’eleventh 8 9 10 * to ’’nineteenth” will be discussed in a later 
Unit® 

As you can see from the sample sentences given abov#*, the ordinal numbers do 
not behave exactly like other adjectives c They differ in three ways from 
most other adjectives? (1) They usually come BEFORE their noun* (2) Wh®n 
they are before the noun they always appear in the MASCULINE form*, no matter 
whether the noun is masculine or feminine® (3) When they are before the 
noun they NEVER HAVE THE 1= 5 THE® PREFIX 0 

When they come after the noun they behave just like other adjectives® 

Ons other group of adjectives behave very much like the ordinal numbers? 
the COMPARATIVES (see Note 7®l)® These also usually come before the noun 
and when they do they behave exactly like the ordinal numbers® When they 
come after the noun they also behave like any other adjective (’’the” prefix*, 
etc®) except that they have NO FEMININE FORMS AT ALL in the colloquial 
language® Here are further examples of ordinal numbers and comparatives? 

(1) piasid l?awwil bilmadrsio Rashid is first in school,, 

(2) Hasan 7aa9id paabi9 waaHid mn lyamiin® Hassan is seated fourth (one) 
from the righto 

(3) nabiiha ?aHla bint bilmadrsi® Nabiha is the nicest (sweetest) girl in 
the schoolo 

(4) w&gfntjan ?an$af mdiini bilwilaayaat ImittiHdi® Washington is the 
cleanest city in the United States® 

(5) saliim taa9id bilbayt ttaasi9 9a iimaal® Salim is staying at the ninth 
house on the lefto 

(6) mahnuud ?akba£ biktiir min xayyu saami® Mahmud is much older than his 
brother Sami® 

(7) kill xaamis yawm bil^ahr byi9tuum ?i£ritna® They give us our pay the 
fifth of every month® 

(8) kill taani sabt min?i|j sa9rna 0 We have our haircut every other 
Saturday® 

(9) tta?s 7abjad bi^abal® The weather is colder in the mountains 0 

(10) ?9und 9a taani kirsi wajpaayi® Sit on the second chair in back of m®« 


-183- 




10.7 

^ 0 ' be A°o_^ Study the following words which have occurred in Basic Sentences8 

mabguulj made happy* happy* well 

masquul made busy* busy 

maktuub written* thing written* letter 

mammrun made grateful* grateful* thank you 

malbuus worn* thing worn* clothing 

mawfcuud found * pre sent 

ma9^uuf known* thing known* favor 

ma9zuu? crowded 


ma^buu^ made exact* exact* correct 
mazmuu9 collected* thing collected* total 

The active participle of simple verbs was discussed in Note 7. The 
adjectives listed above have the pattern (including prefix) maCCuuC. 
Adjectives of this pattern associated with a simple verb of the same root 
will be called PASSIVE PARTICIPLES. They correspond in meaning to English 
past participles (eaten* done* seen* etc.). In general you may form a 
passive participle on the basis of any simple CCC verb which may take an 
objecto 

The passive participle of a CVC verb has the pattern maCyuuC (e«,g 0 mabyuu9 
®sold®)* that is* the second consonant of the root is always y (cf 0 the 
active participle baayi.9 ®selling® etc#)© The passive participles of CVC 
verbs are* however* not much used and you may not form them freely* so it is 
better merely to listen for and learn them individually the relatively 
few that are in ut>e 0 The passive participle of a CCV verb has the pattern 
miCCi ( miCCy of© Pron© Sect* Unit 9) that is* the third consonant of the 
root is y© These passive participles of CCV verbs are also rare© For 
exampleg miHsi 3 stuffed® 

Like many other adjectives (e©g© the ordinal numbers discussed in the pre¬ 
ceding note) these passive participles have a feminine (Ft) form* and a 
plural form in -iln© Thus 8 

huwwi mabjuute hiyyi mabjuu^a© hinni mabjuu^iin© 

Sometimes these passive participles are used as full-fledged nouns. Ex¬ 
amples are maktuub ®letter®* ma*muu9 ®total** malbuus ®clothing® © In this 
case they have other plural forms© The plural of a noun of pattern maCCuuC 
is either ntfaaCiiC (some people say maCaCiiC) or maCCmCaat© Examples? 


€> 


-184- 


10©8 


maktuub 9 letter 9 mkaatiib (makatiib) 9 letters 9 

malbuus 9 clothing 9 malbuusaat * array of clothing^ eog© In department 

store 9 

The plural of such nouns is giving in the Cumulative Vocabulary at the end 
of the Unit 12© Hare are several additional examples of passive participles 
and maCCuuC nouns 8 

- -r - • 

roaftuuH opened 0 ©pen 

masruub 9 drunk 9 g as noun 9 a drink (alcoholic) (pi masruubaat) 

ma9muul 9 made 9 g as noun 9 a kind of Arabic sweet® (colSL g eg 
ma9nmuli e pi i»9>nuulaat) 

Not® 10©3 You have not learned many CCV verbs g h@r® are examples of the 
ones you have had in Basic Sentences of Units l~10 o 

1 0 9 btiHki 9arabl If Do you speak Arabic? 

X«14 9maai m&9ruuf Hki 9a mahlako Please speak slowly© 

l e 22 bl9tiik liirtayn© 1 9 11 give you two pounds,, 

1*30 9tiini w&19a© Give me a light® 

2 0 9 la&sim ta9rif ©©© tikwi 80 © She must know how to iron©©© 

2 ©14 haydi ma tijpda bi rrxiis© She won 9 t be satisfied cheaply® 

a„ haydi Ibint Hi Hkiitillak 9ana 0 This is the girl I spoke to you about® 

5 o 30 baddi utiyyit laHmi lilmiHsI© 1 want an uqiya of meat for stuffing© 

8 0 29 ma tinsa tsakkir IHanafiyyi©©© Don 9 t forget to turn off the faucet,,©© 

10©6 mdi hawn ta sallmak yaa© Sign her® and 1 9 11 giv® it to you© 

There are two stem vowel possibilities for the Prefix Tens® @f CCV verb* 

(a 0 i) 0 Her® are the full forming 

tinsa tinsa yinsa tinsa tiHki tiHki yiHki tiHSd 
tins! yinsu tiHki yiHku 

tinsu tiHku 

Notice that th® =4 and «u suffixes REPLACE the final vowel of the ste» 
instead of being added to it© 

There are tw© stem vowel possibilities in th® Suffix Tense of CCV verbs 




-185- 


10.9 


(a,i). Here are the full 

forms g 


9a$a 

9atayt 

9a^i* 

9atayt 

9atayti 

9a^ayfcu 

(or 9a^yit) 9atu 

9a^ayma 

(or 9a$a) 

aisi 

nsiit 

misit 

nsiit 

nsiiti 

nsiitu 

(or aisyit) aisu (or 
nsiina 

nisyu) 

Since there are two stem vowel possibilities for each tense, there are four 
theoretical possibilities. All four types occur. So far there have been n® 
examples of a -ag here are examples of the other three typess 

a-i g 

9a^a 0 yi9^ij 

mada 0 yim<|i. 


i-ag 

nisi, yinsag ridi, yirda. 


i-i 8 

Hiki, yiHkig 

kiwi 3 yikwio 



In the dialect presented in Units 1-10 the most freqtlent type of CCV verb 
is i-i 9 the least freauent a=a 0 

Note 10.4 Summary of simple verb stems,, All the simple verbs you have 
learned in Units 1-10 are listed below arranged according to the stem vowel* 
they have,, In simple verbs there are twe possible stem vowels in the Suffix 
Tense and three passible stem vowels in the Prefix Tense 0 end yeu oust learn 
the twe stem vowels (Suffix Tense end Prefix Tense) with eeeh verb. There 
ere theoretically six pessibilities (e-e p a-i, e=*i„ i-ij, i-u). One ef ths 
six dees not occurs i=u D This means thet whenever yeu find e verb with u es 
the stem vowel ef the Prefix Tense yeu knew thet the stem vewel ef the Suffix 
Tense is a e In addition the feHewing limitetiens heldg 

(1) CCgC 2 verb* ere usuelly a-i, very rerely a-a. 

(2) CVC verbs are usually a-i er a-u„ very rarely a-a. 

(3) CCV verbs are a-a (rare), a-i, i=a, er i-i (mest oemmen). 

In ether areas ef the Syrian Arabic speaking regien there are many CC 2 C 2 


verbs with a=u. 



A* a-a 



CCCg ba9at 

yibSat 

send 

dafa9 

yidfa9 

p*y 


yidhaj 

come out, appear 





10*30 


-186- 



fB&Af 

yifHa^ 

test*, examine 


Hafaf 

yiHfaj 

keep*, memorise 


la*a$ 

yil?a^ 

catch 


masaH 

yimsaH 

wip© 


satal 

yis?al 

ask 


sabaH 

yisbaH 

swim 


salaH 

yillaH 

tak® ©ff (clothes) 


wala9 

yuu£a9 

hurt*, ach© 


faha?’ 

yifhar 

appear*, seam 

CC 2 C 2 ? 

dall 

i J i 


stay*, remain*, k®®p on 

CVCg 


imam 

sloop 

B« a«i 




CCCs 

?alab 

yiflib 

turn over 


fara? 

yifri? 

differ*, part (hair) 


sabag 

yisbig 

dye*, shin® (shoes) 

CCgCgg 

?a f! 

m f! 

cut 


dall 

idill 

direct 


Habb 

iHibb 

lev©*, life® 


Hatfc 

iHi^ 

put 


madd 

imidd 

stretch out 


radd 

iridd 

give back 

CWg 

ba&9 

ibii9 

sell 


daar 

idiir 

turn 


fast 

ifii? 

wake up 


r&ad 

at 

iriid 

wish 


saar 

isiir 

become*, happen*, start 


CCVs 


C. a-u 

CCCg 


CVCs 


saal 

isiil 

zaan 

isiin 

9aad 

19iid 

kawa 

yikwi 

ma<la 

yimdi 

9a ta 

yi9i<i or 
ya9ti 

?akal 

yaakal 

?alab 

yi?lub 

?axad 

yaaxud 

?a9ad 

yi?9ud 

baram 

yibyum 

fara? 

> 

yif$u? 

HaVym 

yiHkum 

Ha la? 

yiHlu? 

la? at 
* 

yil?u^ 

marat 

yimru? 

sakar 

h 

yiskur 

tarak 

yityuk 

tabax 

f 

yitbux 

talab 

yitlub 

?aal 

ifuul 

?aam 

ituum 

raaH 

iruuH 

saaf 

isuuf 


-187- 

remove 9 8et aside 

weigh 

repeat 

iron 

sign 

give 

eat 

turn over 
take 

sit, stay 

turn , go around 

differ, part (hair) 

rule 

shave 

cateh 

pas® 

thank 

leave 

cook 

ask for, request 
say, tell 
rise, get up 

g© 

see 


10.11 













10oi2 


-188- 



zaar 

i 

izuu|° 

visit 

CCCs 

Hikim 

yiHkasa 

happen to (of sickoess) 


Xizim 

yilzam 

be needed g be necessary 


nizil 

yinzal 

go down 0 get off 


rizi9 

yir&a9 

go backp return 


ti9ib 

yit9ab 

get tired 


$ili9 

yi^la9 

go up 0 go out 0 get on 


wisil 

yuufa^ 

arrive g get (to a place) 

CCV8 

nisi 

yinsa 

forget 

i-i 

ridi 

yirda 

become satisfied 

CCCs 

?idir 

yi?dir 

be able 


nizil 

yinzil 

go down*, get off 


9imil 

yi9mil or 

ya9rail 

do p mak® 


9irif 

ya9rif 

know 

CCVg 

Hiki 

yiHki 

speak 


kiwi 

yikwi 

iron 0 press 


Note 10 o The preposition 9a is of frequent occurrence end has a fairly wide 
range of meaning,, Study the following expressions containing 9a which have 
been arranged in groups on the basis of meaning® 

A 0 9e v ?ayya babuuj &iit ? What boat did you come on? 

?luub 9a v (|ahrako Turn over on your back® 

suu fii 9a^lfarsi ? What°s on the bed? 

B 0 diXIni 9avl?utaal 0 Direct me to the hotel 0 

baddi jpuuH 9assiinama 0 I want to go to the movies© 






10,13 


-189- 

?aymtiin btuusal 9abayruut ? When will you get to Beirut ? 

C. tfad$a\ £arrifna 9albayt, Como to see us, (Honor us at the house) 
badna ninzil 9abaab driis. We -want to get off at Idris c 
9ayamiinak, On your right, 

l?*ytu 9a^lmHatt»• I met him at the station, 

D, fa*? 9a^waza9 bzaribu lyamiin. He woke up with a pain in his right side 0 
Hki 9a^mahlak, Speak slowly, 

tigbaH 9a^xayr. Good night (reach morning in well-being), 

,• dnakana 9aJIkahraba. ,,, electric machine (machine on electricity) 
massitli yaa 9a v ^maasif. Comb it for me dry (on the dry), 

9jOd.ll Haal,,, In any case,., 

9aJ?uk^a in the morning 

E. 9a mi in ha ssigi ? Whose work is this (who has to do this work 0 not 

who has done this work) 

malbuusik 91ayyi yamaia 91ayki ? Who will be responsible for clothing 0 

you or I? 

?ilak 91ayyi. I assure you (yours on my responsibility) 

F, smaHli 9arrfak 9e^mistir smi£. Lot me introduce you to Mr. Smith, 
tajwassiilak 91aya. So I can order it for you. 

mra?tu 9av9aaiay ? Did you stop at Alev ? (of. 0 ra?tu b9aalay Mid you 
pass through Aley?®) 

t’axxart 9a^marfci, I«m late for my wife, 

xaaf 91ayyi* He worried about me ( 8 feared for me 9 g of. xaaf minn i ®was 
afraid of me®) 

The expressions under A illustrate what may be called the "basic" meaning 
of 9a i ®on„ on top of,* The preposition 9a is the norami equivalent of 
English "on" in such expressions as "on the table" e "on the roof", "on the 
floor* e "on the mountain ?* 0 etco 

The expressions under B illustrate the ®to« meaning of 9a 0 The preposition 
9a is used more or less interchangeably with 1- in the meaning ®to 0 up to® 


- 190 - 


10 o 14 


when implying motion toward the place® Some speakers tend to prefer 9a 0 
seme 1= and in a few cases (e 0 g 0 19indu °to his place 0 ) one or the other is 
used exclusively,, 9a or 1° then is the normal equivalent of English "to* 
in such expressions as "he°s going to New York% "she came home (to the 
house) late today** 0 w give me two tickets to Washington** 0 etc® 

The expressions under C illustrate the ®at° meaning of 9a 0 Very much as in 
English where "in the school** has a less precise equivalent **at the school"* 
Arabic b» °in® has a less precise equivalent 9a 0 at° o Thus in some of the 
sentences of C the preposition b= could be used in place of 9a„ although 
with a slightly different meaning,, for example 0 Itaytu bilmHatta 0 °I met 
him in the station 0 0 In some cases,, however 0 the vaguer 9a is necessary„ 
for example baddi tinzal 9a baab driis® °I want to get off at (not "in") 

Bob Idris° 0 

The expressions under D are illustrations of what might be called the 
"special phrases" meaning of 9a „ In these phrases 9a has the meaning °with„ 
accompanied by* in the manner of 0 ® Expressions of this kind must simply be 
learned as they occur„ Sometimes b° is possible instead of 9a in phrases 
of this kind® 

The expression* under E are illustrations of the meaning "for 0 responsibility 
of 0 and is used only with reference to persons® It is the regular equivalent 
of English °for 0 on 0 up to 0 in expressions like *it°s up to him",, "the 
dinner°s on m®% "that°s to© heavy for you"® 

Finally the preposition 9a is used with a number of veros where the English 
equivalent gives little or n® clu® 0 Examples of this use are given under F 0 


Section G„ Vocabulary 

?afrii?ya (F) Africa 
tamiiri ( adj ) princely 
buul ?amiiri fiscal stamps 
?iimi (Ft* j> 1 ? iyam or reg) value 
?isj*a (Ft no pi ) rent 0 wages 
bakaat (jgl =aat) packages 
bariid mail (literary term) 
bi?as ( cell ) packages 
buul 

wara? buul postage stamps 
bull ?amiiri fiscal stamps 
buuf^a (Ft) mail 

buuj^asi (jri. buug^ariyyi) mailman 
dayyaat ( pi ef ?iid) hands (used in formulas) 
duubl double 
taa? duubl twice as much 
Haa-^it putting 

H(a)waali (Ft) draft, money order 
Hawwal shifty charge to the account ef (9a) 
maali financial 
mada (i) sign 

maktuub ( pi mkaatiib e makatiib) letter 
masaari (gl mifriyyaat) money 
ma}butr| exact D correct 
ma£auu9 total 
mgallaf (^1 -aat) envelope 


- 192 - 

raiftaaH ( pi mfaatl£H 0 mafatiiH) i»y 
mista9sil in a harry e urgent 
msawgar insured e registered 
mtafckas postage due 
safaa^a (Ft) embassy 

sallam hand ev®r p greet (#a) 0 keep safe 

sanduu? (pi snaadii? 0 sanadii?) box, trunk 0 ©ash register (also with s) 
sta?sar (yistafzir) rent (f*°em someone) 
slaam (F) Damascus 

sibbaak (pi sbaabiik e sababiik) window 
taalit ( adj ) third 
talgraaf ( pi =>aat) telegram 
taa? «f«ld 

paat duubl twice as much p twofold 
taa? tlaati three times as au©h 0 threefeld 
taa?a ( pi rag or twaa?) window {© 0 g o ticket window 0 et© 0 ) 

^iyyaara (Ft) airplane 
wa§| (jl usuuli Ft) receipt 
wasza9 distribute 
wizaara (Ft) ministry 0 cabinet 
xaamis ( adj ) fifth 
xaaj’Iiyyi (Ft no jil) foreign affairs 
zyaadi (Ft no pi ) extra g in addition 
gawwi ( adj ) atmospheric 
bariid z&wwi airmail (literary expression) 

9&adatan usually 



-193- 

9aadi ( adj ) usual, ordinary, customary 
9abba (i9abbi) fill, fill out 
9allam teach, mark 

9inwaan ( pi 9naawiin, 9anawlin) address 


PART TWO 


-194= 


UNIT 3L3L 


A TRIP TO DAMASCUS 


lo Hello 0 Omar Kemal© 
apparent 
carrying 
bagp suit©a m 

2 0 Yen look as though you 9 r® in a hurry, 
carrying a suitcas®® 

3® Where are you going? 

traveling D leaning 

Damascus 

4® ffell d I 9 m on my way to Damascus® 

5® Everything 9 s 0K o I hope® 

Anything doing? 

6 0 No 0 but I have a little work® 
we hit 

bird 

individual 

ston® 

7® And I said (to myself) "1 9 11 kill 
two birds with one stons 00 © 

goods 

storehouse 0 large shop 

8® And I 9 11 bring back some goods for 
the shopo 

we visits call on 

friends 

9o And I 9 11 drop in on ny friends ther® 
while I°m at it (°in the two days 9 ) 


marHaba yajcaraaalo 
mbayyin 
Haamil 
santa 

suu mbayyin mista9zil u^Haaail 
santa® 

Iwayn raayiH ? 
msaafir 

V V 

ssaam 

wal^a msaafir da^ssraam® 
xayr nla|la 0 fii sii ? 

la? bans fii 9iadi swayyit siglo 

mni^rub 

9asfuur 

fard 

_ V 

Hazar 

uj?ilt mnlgruh 9aigfhrayn bfard 
Ha lar® 

b^&&9& 

m&xzan 

u^minzii swayyit b£aa9a lilmaxzar 

minsi?? 

sHaab 

u^minsi?? 9a,,sHaabna hawniik 
bhalyawmayn® 



-195- 


10. Hour long are you going to stay 
in Damascus? 

make long 

11. I'm not going to stay long. 

12. I’m only going to stay two or 
three days© 

hy God, please 

13. If you see Abn Khalil would you 
give him my regards© 

14. 0©K. ('It, the regards, has 
arrived 1 ) 

we longed for 

absence 

15. And toll him we’ve missed him. 
Why has he stayed away from us 
so long? 

pleasure trip 

16. Get him to take a trip over in 
this direction© 

you need 

17. All right. Do you need anything 
for the family from Damascus? 

weight, difficulty 

18. No, but if it isn't too much 
trouble for you, bring us some 

sweets© 

baklava 

kannafi 

19. Sure. Do you want baklava or 
kannafi? 

20. No, how about a box of Damascus 
sweets? 


11.2 

?iddays raH ti?9ud bissaam ? 
■tjawwil 

ma raH ijawwil ktiir 0 

raH ?i?9idli sii yawraayn tlaati 
bass © 

balla 

4 4 

ba^a ?iza Siftilli bu xaliil 
sailimli 91ay© 

wifil© 

Sta?na 

g*yti 

uJTillu sta?naalu 0 lays tawwal 
lgaybi 91ayna ? 

i miswaar 

xallii ya9millu sii miswaar 
9a^hazzihaat© 

btiHtaaz 

ijayyib© btiHtaaz sii lil9ay^i 
mni^ssaam ? 

ti?li 

la? bass ?iza ma fii ti?li 91ayk 
ziblna swayyit Hilu© 

ba?laawa 

knaafi 

tikram 0 baddak batlaawa yamma 
knaafi ? 

la? bass sii 9ilbit Halwayaat 
ssaam© 


-196= 


21® Righto Goodbye M&kh&yel® 
our Lord 

may he make easy 
22o Goodbye® Have a nice trip® 
eff@ndi 0 sir 

23 o Where do you want to stop sir? 

Marji Square 

get someone someplace 

Omayyad 

24® At Marji Square® Take me to th® 
Omayyad (Hotel) please® 

25® YeSp sir® 

26® But the Omayyad is pretty crowded 
these days® 

difficult 

27o And it 0 a hard to find spec® in it® 
28® Why don°t you go to the Central? 
he opened 
nm 

29 0 I don°t know it® Opened recently® 

30 o YeSp it 9 ® only been opened a 
couple of months® 

31 0 Is it far from here? 

limit 0 next to 

garag® 

32o N@ 0 it is next to the garag® on th® 
left© 


11 ©3 

9a j’aasl® bxaa^yak ya^mxaftyil® 

rabbna 

isahhil 

' 

ma9 ssalaami® rabbna^ysahhil® 
fafandi 

wayn bitriid tinzal yajfafandi? 
Imarzi 
waf^il 
fumayya 

9a.JLmar#i® wasfilni 9aj!umayya 
9maal ma9ruuf® 

tamr&k ya^afandi® 

bass lumayya m&9jsuu? ktiir 
bhal?ayyaam 0 

^a'9b 

uj$a9b tlaati nflall fii® 
lay ra&^bitjuuH 9a^a$antp&I? 
fataH 
Idiid 

ma,ba9rfu® ltuu 0 fataH £diid? 

?aywa„ jajlu f&atiH kam sahr bass© 

b9iid min h&wnl 
Hsdd 
gar&al 

’ 

laa e Hadd Igaraaz 9aj8smaal© 


put down. 


nazzil 



-197- 

11.4 

you feel small 


33# Gat th® bag down if you don’t mind# 

nazzil Ssanta wala ti^gar# 

call 

ndaah 

he carries 

yiHarul 


34 0 And call me a boy to carry it for me 0 wi^ndahli oil walad yiHmilll 


we smell 

yaaha® 

TIM iwifht 

opinion 

rati 

35# How about having some fun (we smell 
the air) Agn Khalil? 

badna nsimm lhawa ya^bu^zaliil® 
Suu ratyak ? 

Mea 

fikja 

the Ghonta 

Iguuta 

36. Good idea. We’ll take a walk 
(drive) to the Ghonta® 

fik^a mniiHa mna9millna miswaar 
9alfuutja# 

37® 0. K eg agreed® 

■^ayyib, ttafatna# 

by the way 

9a^faw?a 

38o By the way 0 Abn 0 George asked m@ 
to send you his regards® 

9a^faw?a kallafhi bu zirzi 
wa^illak salaamu® 

39# Thank you. (’God keep your life 
and his’)® 

?a^a ysallim 9um|ak u^9um£u© 

he was strong 

£add 

I invite you 

?i9zmak 

40® And be insisted T invite you to 
Beirut® 

u^sadd ?i9zmak 9a bayruuto 

we’ll be free 

nif<Ja 

41® We’ll be glad to as soon as w© 
get a little more time® 

mnitsarrafp nsaj^a limmin 
mnif^alna Sayy. 




- 198 - 


13©5 


31 e Lett’s finish the evening at th® 
Seaside Cafe© 

party 0 ceremony 

32© W®°r® having such a good time 
(making a good party) o 

prepared 

good tim® 

fan 

33© I- 0 m all sot for & night of good 
tim® and ftoo 

I make win 

favor 

meal 

34® X don°t ms an to pat myself on th® 
back*, hat th® meal tonight was 
second to none© 

agr®®ing 

35o X agree© ( to the proprietor s) 

goodbye 0 

elite 0 aristocrats 

36o Com® again (repeat it) gentlemen© 


xalliina nkajamil ssahja bilman^iyyi 
Hafli 

daamliin Hafli m&iiHa© 

mistSadd 

ba rt 

kayf 

fana misiSadd llaylit baf$ 
ujeayfo 

brabbiH 

atiiM 

9&lfl 

mis 9amm brabbiH Imiili laaldn 
halSalfi llayli ma lila taanio 

miraafi! 

tam mwaafif halla? bx&a-^ak 

ya ?ista. 

WL - ' fi> 

sawaat 

9iidmaha 0 ya^sawaat© 



n 



-199- 11.5 

Note ll e Formulas o The Basic Sentences of this Unit contain several 
interesting formulas c 

(1) rabbna isahhil. 'May our Lord make it easy*© This is said to someone 
going on a trip. You have learned a number of ?a^a formulas? there are 
also quite a few rabbna formulas of which you will learn more in later Units. 

(2) 'At your service' formulas are fairly numerous c These are used with 
varying nuanoes, by a servant being told to do something^ by a business man 
accepting an order, by a friend agreeing to do a favor. The most common areg 

tilq-am. 'you will be heeded* . Very Lebanese® Sometimes tiler am 9aynak 'your 
eye will be heeded* <> 

9a yaasi. 'on my head'© Usually explained as meaning 'I premise to pay for 
it with my head if I don't do what you're asking'© Frequent between friends© 

?amrak. 'your command*. Usually used by someone being paid for his services^ 
or jokingly between friends® 

Haadir© 'ready* 0 Palestinian© 

(3) Arabic has several formulas used reassuringly in the sense 'don't take 
offense at what I'm asking you to do© One such formula wala tijgai 0 appeared 
in this Unit. When the traveler asked the driver of the taxi to get his 
suitcase down from the roof, he used wala tiggf&j* implying that it was not 
exactly part of the driver's job to carry suitcases for him© 

(4) ?a||a ysallim 9um^ak is an expanded form of ?a|Ja ysallmak is used© It 
is especially common in situations like the one in the Basic Sentences where 
the speakers wished to thank more than one person© (Abn Khalil is directing 
the response to the original sender of the greetings Makhayel and to the 
conveyor of the greetings Kemal). Thus either ?al^a isallmak w^isallmu or 
?aj^a isallim 9umj”ak u^9umfu is possible© 

(5) Notice that when a person is asked to convey someone else's greetings 
to a third person he customarily answers the request (sallimli 9a©o©) by 
sayi?:£g wif;ii 'it (the greeting) has arrived® => 'consider that the greeting 
is as good as transmitted now*© Occasionally the expanded form wi^il 
salaamak is used© 


=■ 200 “ 


Section Do List@nii 


Omarg Iim fii ma9ak bissanta ? 


Makhayslg ma9i sw&yyt b$aa9&® 
Os assays libta f 
Mg ami ssasaio 


Os kint bissaam t 
Mg m9am 0 halla? usilto 

Og IHam&illa 9assalaaad e ?iddays gallayt haimiik ? 
Mg yswmayn basso m& tawwalt kfeiir® 

kint miftikir Jawwril ?aktar min hayk 
laakin maffci ba9titii taligpaf 
finzm fibni saliim mil mab§mr|o 
wirfo9t digrioo 
Og salaamta«, ns alia basiita® 

Mg waj^a m& ba9rif® 

ba9dni me, wfilt 9albayt tasnuf Inn baa e 
nbaall masfunl 9alay c 
Og nsajja m&afii filla lacayr® 

halla? bas® fifda bimgn? 91aykun wibsi?? 91ay e 
laasim taaaednn 19ind ddaktnar ?awaam 0 
Mg mfakkad bitkann marti laabitlu ddaktnnr bgaybti® 
08 ?ayya daktmar bidziibu 9aadatan 0 


Mg dd&ktmir tartunyaan driis® 

Og lay ma bitsmuf ddakteuuf' xayyaa|? 

Mg hayda Hi bizlaam9a l?amirkiyyi ? 

smi9fc finnn gaali kfeiir u daayman masguul© 


-cOl- 


11.7 

Og laa* ddaktmxr xiyyaalj gaaHibna. 

u?issa bitriid saa9dak ?ana Haa$ir piuH ma9ak 0 
walaw ya sayx ffiHHa ?abl kill sii. 
suu 9milt bissaam ? 
siftillna Hada mni pfHaab ? 

Mg wa^a ma kaan 9indi wa?t. 

kint baddi pnsH 9&lgna£a ma9 buxaliil uma?dirt 0 
kint masgmal ktiir 0 

wlaw ma?izaani ttaligjaaf kint dallayt hawniik yamnayn tlaati zyaadi. 
byilsaali miswaar taani ^ira9talaay 0 
Og natinsa t?illi ?abl matproH. 

fit 9indi kam garad baddi kallfak dsBibl^yaahun ma&ak« 

Mg tikpm bxaa^ak. 

C« uaC isalf nnd« salaanrtu nsa^Ja. 


-202= 


11*3 


g®©tlon Go Vocabulary 
f&fandi (p| fafsndiyyl) sir* effendi 
fuaayya Qsaayy&d 

b$®a9& (Ft no j*l) goods* merchandise 
biflaowa (Ft a© j>3L) baklava* a kind of sweet 
$apab (a) hit* beat 

fard (pi = «at) individual* on© of a s®t 
fataH (a) open 
fawfa (Ft to pi ) 

3a fawta by the nay 

fidi (a) become empty* become fr@e( not busy) 
fikfft (Ft fafkmar) idea,, thought* intention 
garaas (jgl ga^aiaat) garage . 

■gaybi (Ft) *,b®<*®n®@ 

to* 

lfuu|a (Ft' to pi ) the Ghcuta* the oasis of Damascus 
Hadd (gl Hduud) limit* boundary* next to* up to 
Hearnl (u) ©arry 

krnafi (Ft to j» 1) kannafi* a kind of sweet 
2sfi&rli Marji Square g the main square of Damascus 
aaxsan (jl seK&asiin) storehouse „ store (more pretentious 
mb&yyin apparent 

a&swaar (jl msaswiir) pleasure trip* -walk* drive 

rnd&h (a) ©all* suraaon 

n&ES&l get (something) down 

ra?i (jsl taraa?) opinion 

fabb ( pi fajbaab) lord 







than dikkaani) 





- 203 - 


11.9 


sahhal mates easy 

rabbna ysahhll ( fla ) said to a person leaving on a trip 
§aaHib (j>l fHaab) friend 
? a9b (ad.j ) difficult, hard 
&a?? (i) drop in on, visit (9a) 

sadd (i) be firm, strong? tighten 
&ma (1) smell 

ssmm lhawa go out for recreation 
santa (Ft* jd! reg or sinat) suitcase, briefcase 
staa? (yistaa?) long for, miss 

sta?naalak we*ve missed you 

ti?li (Ft vn j£) weight, difficulty, trouble ( bother) 

$awral lengthen, spend a long time 

wr§|a^ get (something somewhere), take 

zitir (a) be small, feel small 

Sdiid ( adj ) new 

9a§fuu|* (j> 1 9f aafiir) bird 

9azam (i) invite 

9ilbi (Ft* jal re£ or 9ilab) box 


- 204 - 


11.10 


Note 11 el Participles of derivative verbs ® Y©u have learned (Not® 8.2) 
that the active participle of a primary verb has the pattern CaaCiCj, and 
(Note 10 o 2) that the passive participle of a primary verb has the pattern 
maCCmaB® Study carefully the following participles of derivative verbs $ all 
of them have appeared in the Basic- Sentences of Baits 1=118 



Participle 


Verb 

mbayyin 

showing 0 apparent 

*bayyaa 

show 

mamas ib 

suiting,, convenient 

naasab 

suit 

msaafir 

travelling 

saaf&|> 

travel 

mtaxxa^ 

delayed B late 

*?axxa^ 

delay 

agayyar 

changedj, different 

*g«^r 

©hang® 

msawga^ 

registered 0 insured 

♦sswga^ 

register,, insure 


Participles of derivative verbs all have an s&** prefix (lik® passive 
participles of primary verbs)* The active or agent participle of a derives 
tiv® verb has stem vowel -i- (mbayyin® msaafir)g the passive participle of 
a derivative verb has stem vowel -a- (mgayyaj' 0 msawgaf)® Here are further 
©sssjaplss ©f participles of derivative verbs* Go over these sentences very 
carefully and make suns you understand the constructions» 

(1) laasim tkum asg&ssil wi mHad<fi3° Ha&lak b&kkiiro 

You will have t® have wasted and gotten yourself ready early® 

(2) suu mfarrir tatall ssini llaay* 

What hav® y©u decided to do next yearI 

(3) tf@44&1 o lays mwaftif 9albaab ? 

Com* in® Why stand at the door! 

(4) slant mil adaaylTni bhalfiyyaaa&o 
The heat isn't bothering me today 0 

(5) $^&?m ba9du mis mnassaf o 

The suit isn't dry ('dried 5 ) yet® 

(6) lays 4§aww mis msa99al t 
Why isn't the light lit? 




-205- 


11.11 


(7) msaa9idni ktiir bhalmas?li. 

He f s gotten to be quite a help to me in this business 0 

(8) lmifriyyaat mHawwali 9awizaajt lxaajrziyyi. 

The funds are charged to the account of the Foreign Minister. 

(9) laazim tknun lfarsi msaawaayi ssaa9a tis9a® 

The bed must be made (= have been made) by nine o*clook. 

(10) gaejit ssaa9a tis9a uba9dak mi^ msaawi lfarsi. 

It«s nine o*clock and you haven*t made the bed yet. 

Note 11.2 Study the following sentences. 

7.28 biftikir jaH tsatti. 

I think it*s going to rain. 

V vv 

11.10 ?iddays faH ti?9ud bissaam ? 

How long are you going to stay in Damascus? 

11.11 ma jaH $awwil ktiir. 

I*m not going to stay long. 

11.12 $*aH ?i?9idli sii yawmayn tlaati bass. 

I*m only going to stay about two or three days. 

The word raH (connected with jaaH *go») occurs with the Prefix Tense in the 
meaning *be going to*, »be about to*. The Prefix Tense form following a 
raH is usually without the b- prefix, although occasionally the b- prefix 
is used with no change of meaning. The negative of jaH in expressions of 
this kind is either ma or miS. Here are further examples of sentences con¬ 
taining raH. 

(1) jaH ?a9milli miswaaf 9a^aablu{. 

I«m going to take a trip to Tripoli. 

(2) ?alli ?innu raH ifuuH 9al9yaadi. 

He told me iie*s going to go to the clinic. 

ma jraH njayyif b9aalay. 

We*re not going to Aley for the summer. 


( 3 ) 


^ 206 - 


Ho 12 


(4) 

(5) 

( 6 ) 

(7) 

01 

' 

wtim xXIhnQef R#| ( 

* o d■ _ ^ - > r c 


fbigtillu fibbaa^u bass mis "faH 9iida® 

I shined his shoes for him bat X B m not going to do it again® 
faymfciin faH tsa&fir 9affl®aam? 

When are you going to take a trip t® Damsons? 
ma^aH tistigil bilbunf^a® 

Sh® s s not going to work at the Post Office® 
wayn raH taakln lyawm ? 

Where are yon (pi) going to eat today? 





PART TWO 


-207- 

REVIEW 


UNIT 12 


Like Unit 6 9 this Unit is intended to furnish you with a review of the 
work done so far and a means of testing yourself on the material covered* 
Follow the same procedure you did in Unit 6® 

Section A, True-False Test 

There are twenty-eight true-false statements* If you get 22 or more of 
them right you are doing well enough® If you don’t you need more study and 
practice in Spoken Arabic® 

Section D® Exercises 



- 

1* 

Word Review 



Use 

these words the 

same way you used the Word Review of Unit 

(1) 

5 a yf 

(1) 

j°aas 

(1) massa^ 

(2) 

xariif 

(2) 

zayt 

(2) 

gassal 

(3) 

j*aabi9 

(3) 

£ahf 

(3) 

Hatab 

(4) 

siti 

(4) 

ra?bi 

(4) 

faraa 

(1) 

sa9r 

(1) 

tats 

(1) 

sixn 

(2) 

nid 

(2) 

?amii§ 

(2) 

baarid 

(3) 

talb 

(3) 

kabbuut 

(3) 

saari9 

(4) 

si9r 

(4) 

$ibbaa'§ 

(4) 

naasif 

(1) 

wa§l 

(1) 

9ayn 

(1) 

?aHmft^ 

(2) 

maktuub 

(2) 

Isaan 

(2) 

binni 

(3) 

Hawaali 

(3) 

rikbi 

(3) 

tyaab 

(4) 

ma$buutg 

(4) 

zyaadi 

(4) 

?abya<| 

(1) 

hawa 

(1) 

TD&yy 

(1) 

mansfi 

(2) 

?uudi 

(2) 

zayt 

(2) 

4 

m?af f 

(3) 

✓ 

sains 

(3) 

tahwi 

(3) 

minsiH 

(4) 

gaym 

(4) 

liifi 

(4) 

makam 






-208- 

2 o Sentence Review 


12 ®2 

G@ over these sentences the way you went ever the Sentence Review part; 
of Unit 6. 

List 1 

Xo How Mm® the weather in the mountains'! 

2 C If it were a little drier it would be fine* 

li< **! A: ggn- yjfa tSQttSf 

3 0 At least you can swim in the summer« 

4 0 I think it°s going to rain© 

5o You»r® right but there 0 s nothing like Beirut in tbs winter,, 

6© The air*s dry in the mountainso 
7© It wasn 9 t too cold© 

8 0 But summer here is hotter than there® 

9. Last year I stayed here all summer® 

10® We went up North for a month* s tims 0 

11® When d© you want to take your bath? 

. 

12® Pleas© tell the bootblack to shine my shoes® 

fclie /r \ 

13® Is sf brown suit and whit©, shirt ready? 

14® Dry yourself well so you don*t catch cold 0 
IS® Put wood in the heater would you? 

16® I think I have time to shave® 

. 

17® And the soap and sponge are in the cabinet® 

18® Don*t forget to turn the faucet off when you come out® 

19® Is your rasor sharp? 

20® Shall I brush you off sir? 

21© You don 3 t look well. What*a the matter with you? 

22® I°v» come to ask the doctor about my brother® 

® Breath* again® Stand up® 


23 




-209- 


12.* 


24* He’s afraid he has appendicitis. 

25* Take two pills before going to sleep* 

26* I’ve had a cold for two weeks and ray head aches© 

27. You have to take care of yourself and not tire yourself out too much# 
28© And what brings you to this clinic? 

29. Last night he woke up with a pain in his right side© 

30* Take off your clothes and I’ll see© 

31* Yes* there’s a registered letter for you© 

32. Fill out this form and bring the money. 

33. Give me two pounds worth of postage stamps© 

34. I want to rent a post office box for a year© 

35* Of course, and mark the envelope "air mail" for me© 

36. I want to send this package to Damascus. 

37. And six piastres for every additional kilo. 

38* The third window on your left* 

39. Ee usually distributes the mail at 9 a*m© 

40. Sign here for me to give it to you 0 

41. You look as though you’re in a hurry, carrying a suitcase. 

42. And I said* "We’ll kill two birds with one stone© 

43. How long are you going to stay in Damaccu'S? 

44. If you see Bu Khalil give him my regards. 

45. And it’s hard to find a place in it. 

46. Is it far from here? 

47. And call ne a bey to carry it for me. 

48. Get the oag down if you don’t mind© 

49. How about haring some fun© Bu Khalil? 



- 210 - 


12 0 4 


50o All right 0 agreedfc 

3o Comparatlvee 0 Read off the following adjectives 0 bo sure you understand 
thoHsT^ivi^tho^comp&rativ® for eachp and make up a sentence containing th® 
comparative ® 


(1) 

b9iid 

(7) 

ktiir 

(2) 

kbiir 

(3) 

gaali 

(s) 

naasif 

(9) 

tariid 

(4) 

bakkiir 

(10) 

rxii| 

(5) 

Hilu 

(11) 

aniiH 

(6) 

fa 9b 

(12) 

ttiil 

4o Finalso Read off the following noun* (including adjectives),, be sure 
you understand them,, give the plural for each and make up a sentence for 
each noun® first using the singular and then, making the necessary change® 
in the rest of the sentence„ the pluralo 

(1) 

maktuub 

(7) 

anus 

(2) 

^iyyaara 

(8) 

buuyazi 

(s) 

sanduu? 

(9) 

Ii»9a 

(4) 

$aan9& 

(10) 

snakfcab 

(5) 

famils 

(11) 

9ilbi 

(6) 

buustaEi 

(12) 

aa-|9asB 


PART THREE 


-211- 


UNIT 13 


I 

1* Hello, Mahmud. 

we eat dinner 
together 

2. Hew about having dinner together 
tonight? 


DINING OUT 

«a9iidi ya s> maHHiuud . 
nit9a##a 
sawa 

•uu ra?yak nit9a®sa «awa llayli? 


excellent 

3. Excellent idea. 

broiled 

salad 

4. I feel like some kebab and salad. 

5. Where do you think we can go? 

accustomed 

moonlight 

6. I'm used to eating by moonlight. 

view 

food 

appetiser 

7. The view is beautiful by the sea 
and the food is good. 

hungry 

8. No kidding, I*m very hungry. 


mimtaas 

fik^a mimtaas i. 
miswi 

g^aa^a or ga^a^a 
9a,.,baali laHm miswi wi^g^aa^a. 
wayn btiftkir mnitdir njuuH ? 
m9awwad 
Tamaf 

?ana m9awwad 9aakul 9ind lamaf. 

?akl 

bisahhi 

limnaafir Hilwi ktiir 9a w lbaHr 
wi l?akl bisahhi. 

zii9aan or zuu9aan 

wa;;a la^Hkiilak ddlgri tan* 
sii9aan ktiir. 


belly 

(sign of present) 

rolls 

9. And my stomach is growling, 
master, chef 


ba^n 
9 arm 

bikarkir 

u^ba^ni 9amm bikarkiro 


-2X2- 

appetisers 

tast® 

10© 5elk 0 First of all "bring ns some 
appetisers© 

11 9 "What appetisers do they serve (pat) 
her®? 

dishp plat® 
taboeli 
parsley 
s©®*®® ail 
ehiok peas 

whipped and seasoned 

12* They serve a bowl of tabeuli ud 
parsley with sesame ©11 and 
whipped chickpeas® 

without 

cutting 

®@nv®rsatlon 

©raoked wheat 

IS® Exons® me for interrupting (with¬ 
out cutting from your conversation) 
but whs re do they buy their era® lad 
wheat? 

groceries (butter 0 flour D eto®) 
mother 0 s brother 

14® At (from) my un@l®°s shop 0 
1 continue 0 complet® 

15® Let we finish (saying) what els® 
they serv® 0 

mint 


15 ®2 

maasa 

ISEW? 

nsarHaba, ya^flf^a fawwil sii siblm 
baska 91a £aw?ak 0 . 

dastlak suu biHi^u maasa hawn? 

*f«Bn 

tabbuuli 

batduunis 

tHiini 

Hianuf 

art abba, 1 

biHit^u saEn tabbuuli u ba?duxmi$ 
bittHiiai u Hiamuf artabbal® 

bala 

?ata9 

Hadiis 

birgul 

bala ?ata9 min Hadiisak maayn 
byistru Ibirglaat ? 

smaani 

xaal 

min mHall ssm&ani taba9 xaali® 
bkajmsil 

wi bkamdl suu biHi^u kama,an 0 
n&&na9 


- 213 - 


13*3 


seed 

salted 

16* They serve potato salad -with mint,, 
and seise salted seeds e 


bizr 

mmallaH 


biHi$1ju §]^aa$it ba^aaja ma9 na9na9 
u swaayit bzuuyaat mmailHiin. 


waiter garsmm 

tray ganiyyi 

17* There’s the waiter bringing the tray* yaHBa Igarsuun laayib f^aniyyi* 
truth Ha?ii?a 


delicious 

18. Everything is really delicious 0 
arak glass 

happiness ( wedding) 
we get drunk 

19* Here’s to getting drunk at your 
wedding, Mahmud* 

successors 

20. And to the marriage of your 
children! 

bey 

21. Let’s have dinner new. 

Waiter! (come, bey)l 

chickens 


laziiz 

de~ wa^a lHa?ii?a kills! lasiiz 
kaag 
fa^Ha 
mniskac 

kaasak ya^maHmuud 0 nsalla 
bfajHtak mniskaj® 

9a?ba 

u 9a?baal mi in 9indak* 

^abi 

xalliina nit9assa halla? ta9a 
ya^|abi„ 

. / 1 1 

dzaas 


fried 

22. Bring ms an order ef chicken 
and fried potatoes. 

peas 

increase 


mi? 11 

iibli waaHid dsaaz ujba^aa^a 
mifliyyi. 

bazalla 

kattisp 


sauce 


-214- 


13 e 4 


23o I want peas and rice^ and put em a 
l#t of S&Uffi ®0 

laarn baddl bazalla u^rizs u Jeattir 

®kra 

baaayi 

grapes 

91nab 

24® All right 9 if you d©n°t have it 0 

"bring ms ®kra and a dish ®f stuffed 
grape leaves 0 

t&yyib fiza m& 9indkum zibli 
baaasyi u^saHh miHsi wa^a? 9inab* 

lemons 

Haamii 

vinegar 

xall 

25© We need lemenSj, M&s&®@d 0 and a 

little vinegar if it°s no trouble© 

laasiasaa Baami^ ya,mas9uud m 
swayyit xall Tiza ma fil tifll© 

service 

xidmi 

26© We°re at your service D #ir 0 

niHna bxldatak ya.siidna© 

indebted 

madyuun 

invitation*, party 

Saziiai 

27© X°m very much indebted to yews for 
the evening (this invitation)© 

wal|a Tana madyunlak ktiir 
bhfti9aiiimi 0 

brother (alternate form) 

Tassa 

28 0 It® a nothing to what you deserve,, 
(our brother) 

asa fit sll min Tiimfeak y&j?axurcm 0 

29 0 Let®s have a little fruito 

xalliina naaxud Swayyit fVaakio 

pears 

nxaas 

figs 

tiin 

©up 

fin^aaa 

tea 

laay 

30o Bring us a few pears aM figs &M 
two cups of tea© 

iiblm fwayyit nlaas u tiin u 
finzaanayn iaay 0 

social evening 

seaside cafe 

safara 

b 

®ansiyyi 


seaside oaf® 


PART THREE -215- 

RENTING A 

hello (on the phone) 

1, 'Hello* Good morning Jamil* 

2. Good morning* What can I do 
for you? 

friend 

3* I have an American friend who Just 
came to the country* 

legation 

4* He works at the legation* 
arrange (for someone) 
he lives 

5* And he asked me to get him a herns* 

to live in* 

6* Does he have a family? 
last, end of 

7* Yes, but his family is arriving 
at the end of the month by boat 0 

precede 

8* He came on ahead (he preceded it => 
the family) by plane* 

furnished 

9. Does he want the house to be 

furnished? 

near 

10. Yes, and near the Legation* 

room 

11* How many rooms do you want? 

sleeping 


UNIT 14 

HOUSE 

?aalu or haloo 

?aalu* fabaaH Ixayr rarniil ?afandi* 
sabaaH nnuur, ?amr ? 

fadii? 

fii 9indi fadii? ?amirkaani ?i£a 
fdiid 9ajlblaad* 

nufawwa^iyyi 

byiltigil bilmafawwa^iyyio 
dabbir 
yiskun 

ukallafhi dabbirlu bayt t&^yiskssa 
fii* 

9indu 9ayli ? 
taaaeir 

faywa, bass 9ayltu btuufal b?aaae c 
ssahr bilbabour 0 

f aba? 

huwwi |aba?a fila bi^iyyaajao 
mafruus 

b&dd'a ibayt ikuun mafruul ? 
fariib 

taywa wiksssm ?ariib 
9a^imnfswwaaiyyi« 

?uuda 

kasn ?uu§a bitriid ? 



-216- 

14.2 


living-room 

falwga 


kitchen 

matbasE 


utilities 

nmaaflS 

12 . 

About three or four bedrooms 0 
living-room, kitchen and utilities. 

sii tlat fayb9 ?uwa£ menaami 
u|aluun uas&tbax wimna&fiS. 


balcony 

balkooa 

13. 

And he°d prefer balconies, (if 
there were balconies it would bs 
better). 

u!isa kaan fit balkoonaat 
bikuun fahsan© 


garden 

Inayni 

14 0 

Would he like it to have a garden! 

biHibb ikuun fii filu Inayni t 

16. 

How much can he pay! 

Uddays byifdir yidfa9 ! 


reasonable 

ma9!uul 

16. 

Wellp the rent isn°t so important 
as long as reasonable. 

ya9ni 0 Ifiira mis mhimmi ktiir 
bass tkuun ma9!uuli 0 


thousand 

falf 

17. 

About two thousand a year would be 
fin®. 

Hawaala falfayn fissiai bikuun 
9aal. 


he searches 

bifattil 


morning 

fibH 

18. 

All right p I°ll look around for y©® 
and give you a report tomorrow 
morning. 

tikram bfattislak wibridd 91ayk 
xabar bukra §ibH. 


he depends 

byittikil 


he whitens 

bibayyif 


face 

will 

19© 

I® 11 depend on you. Do the best you 
can for ms with him. 

battikil 91ayk biHyaatak 9ma*l 
sihdak ta ^tbayyidlna wilzna ma9a. 


soafid®a®® 

fittikaal 

20. 

Depend on God. 

l!ittikaal 9aJTaUa« 





-217- 

14.3 

21. 

When you find a house 1*11 go to 

see it with you. 

bass tlaa?i lbayt nnili ?ana 
wyaak nsuufb sawa. 

22. 

Good iuekj So longo 

9a^xayr nsal^a. bxaa^ak. 


rent 

?azaar 

25. 

How mo eh is the rent Jamie? 

? iddayITatfaa^ yajtamiil ?afandi? 


he disagreesdiffers 

yixtilif 

24. 

We're not going to disagree. As 
much as you say. sir. 

ma raH nixtllif. ?add ma bti?naff 
Ha^fkak. 

25. 

No. How much do the owners ask? 

la? ?addayl ^alabu §Haabu« 

26. 

Oh. they’re left it up to you 0 

wa}]a tarakuuha lhimnrtak. 

27. 

What do you say? 

suu bit?uul ?inti ? 


deoeived. cheated 

magluub 


he*s treated unjustly 

yinjilim 

28. 

I don’t want you to b© cheated and 

I don’t want them to be treated 
badly. 

?aa& ma baddi ?iati tkuun magluub 
wala hiani yiajilmu. 

* ’ 

29. 

All right, what do you think would 
be suitable for both? 

tayyib. suu btiftkir amaasib 
littiiayno 

50. 

Two thousand five hundred would be 
fine for both sides. 

?alfayn u^^xams miyyi 9aal 

Isihtaya. 


taxes 

Hraasi 


be obligated 

byitkaffal 


expenditures 

ma§praf 

• 

r« 

to 

They’ll pay the taxes but you*11 
have to take care of the water 
and electricity. 

hinni byidfa9u liHraasi bass 
?intu btitkaffalu bmasruuf Imayy 
wilkahraba. 

52. 

The house really seems very nice. 

Ha?ii?a lbayt umiiH nflbayyin 91ay. 

33. 

But maybe two thousand five 
hundred is a little steep. 

bass yimkin ?alfaym uxams miyyi 
ktiir swayy 0 

34. 

All right. What will yo« pay. 

sir? 

$ayyib, Uvl btidfa9 ?inti 
ya^awa&ia 


-218- 


14 0 4 


35o 

Two thousand® 

?alfayn 0 


ha divides 

byitsiai 


difference 

farfiyyi 

36. 

We°ll split the difference im half. 

mni?sim If ar? iyyi binnifigo 


payment 

daf9 


amo^saft 

mabla'g 


amonait 

salaf 

37. 

Anri the payment is half th® amount 
in advance and the other half 
after six months <> 

widdaf9 nlf| Imablag 7 salaf 
wianifi ttaani ba9d sitt ishaj, 

38. 

Agreed. G ©odby® 0 

ttafafna bxaa'^ak* . 


bles ®sd 

mabpmk 

39 0 

I hope yon c ll he happy. (God 
willing it will be blessed). 

nsa||a blkirnn mabpiuk. 

40. 

And if ye* need anything w»°r© 
always at yoar service. 

ntisa limak ill niHna, d&aytt&m 
bilxidmi 

41. 

Goodbye. 

ma9 ssalaami. 


• ■ • . a bttm . 




- 219 - 

POREIGN SERVICE INSTITUTE 

S petes b Arable Iateaslre Course 
Supplementary SenteBces 
1* oaf dir! piuH raa9im sbaar!5 0 

2. sattit kill sim9t Isnaadyi. 

3. law niart bakkiir abaarlH kint fisat bakkiir lyawo. 

4* |flit (er ^afayt) lkahraba ssaaSa Ijxidt 

5. kint H9$ii adit liiya bsahr. 

6. dfa9t lfasaaj akkiir sahr lmaa^i. 

7. ftakart byilbahrd swayy. 

8. dafasna frinsaawi yawaayn bsisn9a* 

9. gfan9a kiwyit ta!zaak 0 

10. £ift jra&sid $aali9 9a^2sabal f 

11. ballasti ti^bxi bakkiir. 

12. g a ww ap fcu bass ggauja ads nmiiHa© 

13. farsayt Ibipaay^a fabl oajtli9t. 

14. stapa xamsi leiila b9asf liirgat. 

j 

15. friit leariidi bass ma saddaft kill lfaxbaaj. (or gaddaft) 

16. saagi 9aand 1 Snayni Hilwi 0 

17. iabagit sa9ja faHmaf. 

18. sittillw Titrtuo 

19. staga bayt u^eadlu snayni. 

20. lays sakkart lbaabf 

21. nsiina nsiib lfwaaldL. (or ta^asiib) 

22. mafihim snu filtilla. (or Hi Tiltillm yaa) 

23. 9rift hayk. 




- 220 = 


24. 

tai3.it u tarkito- 




25 o 

byijh&j^ n» bylfhanak. 




26o 

$li9fc 9a Habal ta^a«f llmdiiai. 




27„ 

ba9d Iim9tayn nmifdir nisbaH biJLbaHr. 




28. 

xaffif nnaaj* sw&yyi,, 




29 0 

m^caafit minasa. 




30. 

niHaa maarfiin 9a ddikkaaaio baddak sli 

t 



3dL« 

taffayt §?mi£a mbaariH am ilariidio 




32. 

limn IdLnt bb&yrmrfe da||ayt 9icd far lid. 




33© 

sa99al Ibaabmsr. 




34. 

fayyaftia bi Hid® sint Imaa^yi. 




35 . 

ma^alatt mb*ariH 0 




36. 

ma^dayna fi^fitsaa bib9albak a 




37. 

massit sa9|°ak bi^lHiamafisa. 




38. 

Itaa&aa^ am lyawman 9airan biddaayitni. i 

(or bi^taayitai) 



39. 

Ha^irlli If&kSL. 




40. 

(aba|li §ibbaati bxams f£»«s© 



















' 






























- 221 - 


Supplementary Sentenoes 
1* xaffaft sa9rak mbaariH ? 

2. hayda sii ttiil xaffifli yaa. 

5. tarrarit tpiuH 9assiinama. 

4. s*u ?arrart ta9mil. 

5* xabbaroaa saaa9a tnayn. 

6. xabbartu lixnmin lbuu|t§ wi^-^a wig^it. 

7. sa99alit l?a$aan ?abl ma^tajkit lbayt. 

8. ba9g l?aw?aat bila991u lTa^aan bakkiir* 

9. gassalit ttyaab Tabl xna^abxit. 

10. gassalti kalsaati 9a v) bukra 0 

11. bitgassil tyaabi kill yawm zzim9a. 

12* massaHt ssbaabiik lyawm 9ajbulqra. 

13* massHi liblaa^ mnlillo 

14* gaj-jaffai 9«^l3cawaaza 9atl* 

15. baddi 9a^fak 9a^l9ayli. 

16. 9ajrjafti ITistaas 9a xayyik? 

17. bmassit sa9ri kill yawn ?abl ma Titruk lbayt. 

<> 

18. massif sa9rak mniiH yafibni. 

19* sakkir lbaab bass tfaat. 

20. nisyit tsakkir lHanafiyyi. 

21. lays ma na^ dafti Tair^i laywmf 

22. na^^afu Ibayt yawm ssabt. 

23. sar^hauna 9albayt findt Imaa^yi. 

24. sarrafbatim. 

25. wayn j*aE tgayyif ssini f 


- 222 - 


26 o minfa$$il ngayyif 9aJSLbaHr c 

27 0 met. t9allaima kfeiiy bilmadrsio 

28 0 amitSallam 9ag>abl xamst iyyaam biajBia9a 0 

29 0 ttaxx&rt 9assigl iyama 0 

SO* lays tfaxxaj' mbaariH t 

31 0 mt9a^a£t 9Xay<> 

32o baddl Titfiafyaf 91ay*« 

33 0 kis; mag’g’a byitH&asmaam bllli»9a f 
34 o byit Haranam kill yawm sabto 
3S 0 tl*a byili ami tsar f&f bma9rift«i® 

36« t^&yfafSmo 

37 o tlaffaHa ba9d4§ihr„ 

38-« tlaftaH 9alfar^i 0 
39 o tnaffsi ra^ra taanyi* 

40 o m& bltdir fitmffaa bbalfuada® 

41 o Wmyfcilla kills! amiiEo 

42 o naff a fgm sitt ?iasaan 0 

43 c waddwtni 9alarta|9am e 

44 o iiadd i ilu sa la&mi 0 

45 o halxa^tj biw&ddi 9a ImistaXfa* 

46 o »» bta9rif ttcsa maddayna sahr Imaadl ma9u 0 

47 o raH naggl lahrayn bi llabal® 

48® Had§artiili IHimnaaM I 

49 o Had^aritXm batnlaan ma9 kuusa 0 
50 ® faH&$ra Ssj&kam u malfayna bihasii© 












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